Quantum系列词汇+物质光谱{Atom's Electron Cloud Model} Photon

Atom's Electron Cloud Model.
物质的原子，有 Electron Cloud电子云：

1. 分能量级高低的“概率电子轨道”；
2. 由“低能概率轨道”leap到“高能概率轨道”时会吸收能量，因此物质温度升高。
3. 由“高能概率轨道”leap到“低能概率轨道”会释放出Photon“光量子”。

4.物质原子受激发会释放出特定光谱的光量子。
例如：

耐高温高热透明稳定的玻璃/石英容器装有:

• 高温气化态的高纯度物质；
• 邻近的正负电极；

给正负电极加上超高电压的电场：

• 当电压高过气化态的物质的绝缘电压时，击穿绝缘气化态物质，产生放电电流。
• 击穿电流通过气化态物质时，高能电子束轰击气化态物质原子的“概率电子云”；
• 每种物质原子的“概率电子云”受高能电子轰击时其概率能量轨道leap释放出光量子；
  而且发出光量子的“光谱(频谱, 频率高到'光'频段因此又称光谱)”与物质原子类型一一对应。

Atom n: 有质量.
Photon n: 光量子有Momentum动量，但无质量.

Einstein's Material-Energy Equation
E=MC^2

Substance noun:

1. a type of solid, liquid or gas that has particular qualities: a sticky substance | a chemical/radioactive/hazardous substance | Some frogs produce toxic substance in their skin.
2. [C] a drug, especially an illegal one: banned/illegal/controlled substances | substance use
3. [U] the quality of being based on facts or the truth: The commission's report gives substance to these allegations. | There is some substance in what he says. | without ~
   It was malicious gossip, completely without substance.
4. [U] The most important or main part of sth: the ~ of sth Love and guilt from the substance of his new book. | in ~ I agreed with what she said in substance, though not with every detail.
5. [U] ( formal ) important SYN: significance: of ~ matters of substance | Nothing of any substance was achieved in the meeting.
6. IDM a man/woman of substance ( formal ) a rich and powerful man or woman

Physics noun [U] the scientific study including the study of forces, heat, light, sound, electricity and the structure of ATOMS: a degree in physics | quantum/theoretical physics | the laws of physics | the physics laboratory/department | ~ of sth to study the physics of the electron => see also ASTROPHYSICS, GEOPHYSICS, NUCLEAR PHYSICS, PARTICLE PHYSICS, QUANTUM PHYSICS
WORDFINDER amplitude, atom, energy, fission, force, frequency, gravity, molecule, nuclear

Quantum Theory noun [U] ( physics ) a theory that based on the idea that energy can only be changed in units that cannot be divided.

Quantum Physicsnoun [U] the branch of science that investiges the principles of QUANTUM THEORY to understand the behaviour of PARTICLES at the ATOM and SUB-ATOM level

Quantum mechanics noun [U] ( physics ) the branch of MECHANICS that deals with movement and force in pieces of matter smaller than ATOMS

Quantum noun (plural quanta) ( physics ) a very small quantity of ELECTROMAGNETIC energy.

Quantum leap noun a sudden, great and import change, improvement or development

Particle physics noun [U] the scientific study of very small pieces of matter,
that are parts of an ATOM

Particle noun:

1. a very small piece of sth. : particle of gold/dust see also ALPHA PARTICLE, BETA PARTICLE, ELEMENTARY PARTICLE, SUBATOMIC PARTICLE
2. ( grammar ) an adverb or a preposition that can combine with a verb to make a phrase verb: In 'She tore up the letter', the word 'up' is a particle.

Elementary particle ( also fundamental particle ) noun ( physics ) a very smallpiece of MATTER ( = a substance ), such as a QUARK, that doesn't contain within it any even smaller pieces of matter => compare SUBATOMIC PARTICLE

Subatomic particle noun ( physics ) a very small piece of MATTER, such as an ELECTRON or a PROTON, that is smaller than an ATOM => compare ELEMENTARY PARTICLE

Alpha particle noun ( physics ) a PARTICLE with a positive electrical charge that is EMITTED (= sent out) by some RADIOACTIVE substance and is IDENTICAL to (= the same as) the NUCLEUS of a HELIUM ATOM

Beta particle ( also beta ray ) noun ( physics ) a fast-moving ELECTRON that is produced when some RADIOACTIVE substance DECAY(= start to break down)

Atom noun the smallest PARTICLE of a chemical element that can exist: the splitting of the attom | Two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen to form a molecular of water. => WORDFINDER NOTE at PHYSICS
WORDFINDER antiparticle, electron, ion, neutron, nucleus, particle, positron, proton, valency

photon noun ( physics ) a unit of ELECTROMAGNETIC energy

proton noun ( physics ) a very small piece of matter (= a substance) with a positive electric charge that forms part of the NUCLEUS (= central part) of an ATOM
=> see also ELECTRON, NEUTRON
=> WORDFINDER NOTE at ATOM

electron noun ( physics ) a very small piece of matter (= a substance) with a negative electric charge, found in all ATOMS
=> see also NEUTRON, PROTON
=> WORDFINDER NOTE at ATOM

neutron noun ( physics ) a very small piece of matter (= a substance) that carries no electric charge and that forms part of the NUCLEUS (= central part) of an ATOM
=> see also ELECTRON, PROTON
=> WORDFINDER NOTE at ATOM

Quark noun:

1. [C] ( physics ) a very small part of matter (= a substance). There are several types of QUARK and it is thought that PROTONS, NEUTRONS, etc. are formed from them.
2. [U] a type of soft cheese from central Europe, similar to CRUD CHEESE