CONTEMPORARY Approaches of management science

SYSTEM APPROACHS:
Organization as a complex system, comprised of many components, including:

• individuals
• structure
• groups
• goals
• authority
• status
  as managers coordinate work activities in the various parts of the organization,
  they ensure that all these parts are working together so the organization’s goals can be achieved.

CONTINGENCY APPROACHS:(sometimes called the situational approach)
organizations are different, face different situations (contingencies), and require different ways of managing.
Planning/Documentation/Management:
Variables: Environmental uncertainty, Organizational Size, Individual differences, Routineness of Task Technology, :

• TDD(behave, Test Driving Development) "If … then …"
• DDD(Statistical Science, Data Driving Development): AI/Machine Learning can intelligently do prediction within proved scientific methods, especially the statistical techniques.

TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTERIZATIONS:
the important influence that technology and Computerizations played in defining current practices:

• managing highly skilled individuals is different: Technology has made the computerized manufacturing/collaboration a mainstay of today’s “organizations”
• managing people from a distance: virtual teams— people who work together but are geographically dispersed.