requests
一、requests库介绍
Python内置为我们提供了一个内置的模块叫urllib,是用于访问网络资源的,但是由于它内部缺少一些实用的功能,所以用起来比较麻烦。后来出现了一个第三方模块叫 "Requests",Requests 继承了urllib2的所有特性。Requests支持HTTP连接保持和连接池,支持使用cookie保持会话,支持文件上传,支持自动确定响应内容的编码,支持国际化的 URL 和 POST 数据自动编码。换句话说就是requests模块的功能比urllib更加强大!
Requests可以模拟浏览器的请求,比起之前用到的urllib模块更加便捷,因为requests本质上就是基于urllib3来封装的。
安装:
pip install requests
请求方法:
>>> import requests >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events') >>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data = {'key':'value'}) >>> r = requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put', data = {'key':'value'}) >>> r = requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete') >>> r = requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get') >>> r = requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
二、基于GET请求
1、基本请求
import requests response = requests.get('https://www.cnblogs.com/Yang-Sen/') print(response.text)
2、带参数的GET请求->params
import requests # q后面携带的是中文墨菲定律 response1 = requests.get('https://list.tmall.com/search_product.htm?q=%C4%AB%B7%C6%B6%A8%C2%C9') print(response1.text) response2 = requests.get('https://list.tmall.com/search_product.htm?q=围城') print(response2.text) response3 = requests.get('https://list.tmall.com/search_product.htm?', params={"q": "美女"}) print(response3.text)
3、带参数的GET请求->headers
Host # 当前目标站点的地址 Referer # 大型网站通常都会根据该参数判断请求的来源 User-Agent # 用来表示你的爬虫程序是浏览器客户端 Cookie # Cookie信息虽然包含在请求头里,但requests模块有单独的参数来处理他,headers={}内就不要放它了
# 添加headers(浏览器会识别请求头,不加可能会被拒绝访问,比如访问https://www.zhihu.com/explore) import requests response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore') print(response.status_code) # 400 # 自己定制headers headers = { 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0; Nexus 5 Build/MRA58N) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/46.0.2490.76 Mobile Safari/537.36', } response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore', headers=headers) print(response.status_code) # 200
4、带参数的GET请求->cookies
import uuid import requests url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies' cookies = dict(id=str(uuid.uuid4())) res = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) print(res.json())
三、基于POST请求
1、介绍
#GET请求 HTTP默认的请求方法就是GET * 没有请求体 * 数据必须在1K之内! * GET请求数据会暴露在浏览器的地址栏中 GET请求常用的操作: 1. 在浏览器的地址栏中直接给出URL,那么就一定是GET请求 2. 点击页面上的超链接也一定是GET请求 3. 提交表单时,表单默认使用GET请求,但可以设置为POST #POST请求 (1). 数据不会出现在地址栏中 (2). 数据的大小没有上限 (3). 有请求体 (4). 请求体中如果存在中文,会使用URL编码! #!!!requests.post()用法与requests.get()完全一致,特殊的是requests.post()有一个data参数,用来存放请求体数据
2、发送post请求,模拟浏览器的登录行为
对于登录来说,应该输错用户名或密码然后分析抓包流程,用脑子想一想,输对了浏览器就跳转了,还分析个毛线,累死你也找不到包
''' 一 目标站点分析 浏览器输入https://github.com/login 然后输入错误的账号密码,抓包 发现登录行为是post提交到:https://github.com/session 而且请求头包含cookie 而且请求体包含: commit:Sign in utf8:✓ authenticity_token:lbI8IJCwGslZS8qJPnof5e7ZkCoSoMn6jmDTsL1r/m06NLyIbw7vCrpwrFAPzHMep3Tmf/TSJVoXWrvDZaVwxQ== login:egonlin password:123 二 流程分析 先GET:https://github.com/login拿到初始cookie与authenticity_token 返回POST:https://github.com/session, 带上初始cookie,带上请求体(authenticity_token,用户名,密码等) 最后拿到登录cookie ps:如果密码时密文形式,则可以先输错账号,输对密码,然后到浏览器中拿到加密后的密码,github的密码是明文 ''' import requests import re #第一次请求 r1=requests.get('https://github.com/login') r1_cookie=r1.cookies.get_dict() #拿到初始cookie(未被授权) authenticity_token=re.findall(r'name="authenticity_token".*?value="(.*?)"',r1.text)[0] #从页面中拿到CSRF TOKEN #第二次请求:带着初始cookie和TOKEN发送POST请求给登录页面,带上账号密码 data={ 'commit':'Sign in', 'utf8':'✓', 'authenticity_token':authenticity_token, 'login':'317828332@qq.com', 'password':'alex3714' } r2=requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=data, cookies=r1_cookie ) login_cookie=r2.cookies.get_dict() #第三次请求:以后的登录,拿着login_cookie就可以,比如访问一些个人配置 r3=requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails', cookies=login_cookie) print('317828332@qq.com' in r3.text) #True
import requests import re session=requests.session() #第一次请求 r1=session.get('https://github.com/login') authenticity_token=re.findall(r'name="authenticity_token".*?value="(.*?)"',r1.text)[0] #从页面中拿到CSRF TOKEN #第二次请求 data={ 'commit':'Sign in', 'utf8':'✓', 'authenticity_token':authenticity_token, 'login':'317828332@qq.com', 'password':'alex3714' } r2=session.post('https://github.com/session', data=data, ) #第三次请求 r3=session.get('https://github.com/settings/emails') print('317828332@qq.com' in r3.text) #True
3、补充
requests.post(url='xxxxxxxx', data={'xxx':'yyy'}) #没有指定请求头,#默认的请求头:application/x-www-form-urlencoed #如果我们自定义请求头是application/json,并且用data传值, 则服务端取不到值 requests.post(url='', data={'':1,}, headers={ 'content-type':'application/json' }) requests.post(url='', json={'':1,}, ) #默认的请求头:application/json
四、响应Response
1、response属性
import requests respone=requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com') # respone属性 print(respone.text) print(respone.content) print(respone.status_code) print(respone.headers) print(respone.cookies) print(respone.cookies.get_dict()) print(respone.cookies.items()) print(respone.url) print(respone.history) print(respone.encoding)
2、编码问题
#编码问题 import requests response=requests.get('http://www.autohome.com/news') # response.encoding='gbk' #汽车之家网站返回的页面内容为gb2312编码的,而requests的默认编码为ISO-8859-1,如果不设置成gbk则中文乱码 print(response.text)
3、获取二进制数据
import requests response=requests.get('https://timgsa.baidu.com/timg?image&quality=80&size=b9999_10000&sec=1509868306530&di=712e4ef3ab258b36e9f4b48e85a81c9d&imgtype=0&src=http%3A%2F%2Fc.hiphotos.baidu.com%2Fimage%2Fpic%2Fitem%2F11385343fbf2b211e1fb58a1c08065380dd78e0c.jpg') with open('a.jpg','wb') as f: f.write(response.content)
#stream参数:一点一点的取,比如下载视频时,如果视频100G,用response.content然后一下子写到文件中是不合理的 import requests response=requests.get('https://gss3.baidu.com/6LZ0ej3k1Qd3ote6lo7D0j9wehsv/tieba-smallvideo-transcode/1767502_56ec685f9c7ec542eeaf6eac93a65dc7_6fe25cd1347c_3.mp4', stream=True) with open('b.mp4','wb') as f: for line in response.iter_content(): f.write(line)
4、解析json
#解析json import requests response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') import json res1=json.loads(response.text) #太麻烦 res2=response.json() #直接获取json数据 print(res1 == res2) #True
5、Redirection and History
By default Requests will perform location redirection for all verbs except HEAD. We can use the history property of the Response object to track redirection. The Response.history list contains the Response objects that were created in order to complete the request. The list is sorted from the oldest to the most recent response. For example, GitHub redirects all HTTP requests to HTTPS: >>> r = requests.get('http://github.com') >>> r.url 'https://github.com/' >>> r.status_code 200 >>> r.history [<Response [301]>] If you're using GET, OPTIONS, POST, PUT, PATCH or DELETE, you can disable redirection handling with the allow_redirects parameter: >>> r = requests.get('http://github.com', allow_redirects=False) >>> r.status_code 301 >>> r.history [] If you're using HEAD, you can enable redirection as well: >>> r = requests.head('http://github.com', allow_redirects=True) >>> r.url 'https://github.com/' >>> r.history [<Response [301]>]
import requests import re #第一次请求 r1=requests.get('https://github.com/login') r1_cookie=r1.cookies.get_dict() #拿到初始cookie(未被授权) authenticity_token=re.findall(r'name="authenticity_token".*?value="(.*?)"',r1.text)[0] #从页面中拿到CSRF TOKEN #第二次请求:带着初始cookie和TOKEN发送POST请求给登录页面,带上账号密码 data={ 'commit':'Sign in', 'utf8':'✓', 'authenticity_token':authenticity_token, 'login':'317828332@qq.com', 'password':'alex3714' } #测试一:没有指定allow_redirects=False,则响应头中出现Location就跳转到新页面,r2代表新页面的response r2=requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=data, cookies=r1_cookie ) print(r2.status_code) #200 print(r2.url) #看到的是跳转后的页面 print(r2.history) #看到的是跳转前的response print(r2.history[0].text) #看到的是跳转前的response.text #测试二:指定allow_redirects=False,则响应头中即便出现Location也不会跳转到新页面,r2代表的仍然是老页面的response r2=requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=data, cookies=r1_cookie, allow_redirects=False ) print(r2.status_code) #302 print(r2.url) #看到的是跳转前的页面https://github.com/session print(r2.history) #[]
五、高级用法
1、SSL Cert Verification
#证书验证(大部分网站都是https) import requests # 如果是ssl请求,首先检查证书是否合法,不合法则报错,程序终端 response = requests.get('https://www.xiaohuar.com') print(response.status_code) # 改进1:去掉报错,但是会报警告 import requests response = requests.get('https://www.xiaohuar.com', verify=False) # 不验证证书,报警告,返回200 print(response.status_code) # 改进2:去掉报错,并且去掉警报信息 import requests import urllib3 urllib3.disable_warnings() # 关闭警告 response = requests.get('https://www.xiaohuar.com', verify=False) print(response.status_code) # 改进3:加上证书 # 很多网站都是https,但是不用证书也可以访问,大多数情况都是可以携带也可以不携带证书 # 知乎\百度等都是可带可不带 # 有硬性要求的,则必须带,比如对于定向的用户,拿到证书后才有权限访问某个特定网站 import requests import urllib3 # urllib3.disable_warnings() # 关闭警告 response = requests.get( 'https://www.xiaohuar.com', # verify=False, cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key')) print(response.status_code)
2、使用代理
# 官网链接: http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/user/advanced/#proxies # 代理设置:先发送请求给代理,然后由代理帮忙发送(封ip是常见的事情) import requests proxies = { # 带用户名密码的代理,@符号前是用户名与密码 ' http ' : ' http://tank:123@localhost:9527 ' , ' http ' : ' http://localhost:9527 ' , ' https ' : ' https://localhost:9527 ' , } response =requests.get( ' https://www.12306.cn ' , proxies = proxies) print (response.status_code) # 支持socks代理,安装:pip install requests[socks] import requests proxies = { ' http ' : ' socks5://user:pass@host:port ' , ' https ' : ' socks5://user:pass@host:port ' } respone =requests.get( ' https://www.12306.cn ' , proxies = proxies) print (respone.status_code)
from urllib.parse import urlencode import pymongo import requests from lxml.etree import XMLSyntaxError from requests.exceptions import ConnectionError from pyquery import PyQuery as pq # from config import * # # client = pymongo.MongoClient(MONGO_URI) # db = client[MONGO_DB] base_url = ' http://weixin.sogou.com/weixin? ' headers = { ' Cookie ' : 'SUID=F6177C7B3220910A000000058E4D679; SUV=1491392122762346; ABTEST=1|1491392129|v1; SNUID=0DED8681FBFEB69230E6BF3DFB2F8D6B; ld=OZllllllll2Yi2balllllV06C77lllllWTZgdkllll9lllllxv7ll5@@@@@@@@@@; LSTMV=189%2C31; LCLKINT=1805; weixinIndexVisited=1; SUIR= 0DED8681FBFEB69230E6BF3DFB2F8D6B; JSESSIONID=aaa-BcHIDk9xYdr4odFSv; PHPSESSID=afohijek3ju93ab6l0eqeph902; sct=21; IPLOC=CN; ppinf=5|1491580643|1492790243|dHJ1c3Q6MToxfGNsaWVudGlkOjQ6MjAxN3x1bmlxbmFtZToyNzolRTUlQjQlOTQlRTUlQkElODYlRTYlODklOER8Y3J0OjEwOjE0OTE1ODA2NDN8cmVmbmljazoyNzolRTUlQjQlOTQlRTUlQkElODYlRTYlODklOER8dXNlcmlkOjQ0Om85dDJsdUJfZWVYOGRqSjRKN0xhNlBta0RJODRAd2VpeGluLnNvaHUuY29tfA; pprdig=j7ojfJRegMrYrl96LmzUhNq-RujAWyuXT_H3xZba8nNtaj7NKA5d0ORq-yoqedkBg4USxLzmbUMnIVsCUjFciRnHDPJ6TyNrurEdWT_LvHsQIKkygfLJH-U2MJvhwtHuW09enCEzcDAA_GdjwX6_-_fqTJuv9w9Gsw4rF9xfGf4; sgid=;ppmdig=1491580643000000d6ae8b0ebe76bbd1844c993d1ff47cea' , ' Host ' : ' weixin.sogou.com ' , ' Upgrade-Insecure-Requests ' : ' 1 ' , ' User-Agent ' : ' Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML , like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36 ' } proxy = None def get_proxy(): try : response = requests.get( ' http://127.0.0.1:5555/random ' ) if response.status_code == 200 : return response.text return None except ConnectionError: return None def get_html(url, count=1 ): print ( ' Crawling ' , url) print ( ' Trying Count ' , count) global proxy if count >= 5 : print (' Tried Too Many Counts ' ) return None try : if proxy: proxies = { ' http ' : ' http:// ' + proxy } response = requests.get(url, allow_redirects=False, headers=headers, proxies= proxies) else : response = requests.get(url, allow_redirects=False, headers= headers) if response.status_code == 200 : return response.text if response.status_code == 302 : # Need Proxy print ( ' 302 ' ) proxy = get_proxy() if proxy: print ( ' Using Proxy ' , proxy) return get_html(url) else : print ( ' Get Proxy Failed ' ) return None except ConnectionError as e: print ( ' Error Occurred ' , e.args) proxy = get_proxy() count += 1 return get_html(url, count) def get_index(keyword, page): data = { ' query ' : keyword, ' type ' : 2 , ' page ' : page } queries = urlencode(data) url = base_url + queries html = get_html(url) return html def parse_index(html): doc = pq(html) items = doc( ' .news-box .news-list li .txt-box h3 a ' ).items() for item in items: yield item.attr( ' href ' ) def get_detail(url): try : response = requests.get(url) if response.status_code == 200 : return response.text return None except ConnectionError: return None def parse_detail(html): try : doc = pq(html) title = doc( ' .rich_media_title ' ).text() content = doc( ' .rich_media_content ' ).text() date = doc( ' #post-date ' ).text() nickname = doc( ' #js_profile_qrcode > div > strong ' ).text() wechat = doc( ' #js_profile_qrcode > div > p:nth-child(3) > span ' ).text() return { ' title ' : title, ' content ' : content, ' date ' : date, ' nickname ' : nickname, ' wechat ' : wechat } except XMLSyntaxError: return None # def save_to_mongo(data): # if db['articles'].update({'title': data['title']}, {'$set': data}, True): # print ('Saved to Mongo', data['title']) # else: # print('Saved to Mongo Failed', data['title']) def main(): for page in range(1, 101 ): html = get_index( ' Python ' , page) if html: article_urls = parse_index(html) for article_url in article_urls: article_html = get_detail(article_url) if article_html: article_data = parse_detail(article_html) print (article_data) # if article_data: # save_to_mongo(article_data) if __name__ == ' __main__ ' : main()
3、超时设置
# 超时设置 # 两种超时:float or tuple # timeout=0.1 #代表接收数据的超时时间 # timeout=(0.1,0.2)#0.1代表链接超时0.2代表接收数据的超时时间 import requests respone =requests.get( ' https://www.baidu.com ' , timeout =0.0001)
4、 认证设置
# 官网链接:http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/user/authentication/ # 认证设置:登陆网站是,弹出一个框,要求你输入用户名密码(与alter很类似),此时是无法获取html的 # ps: https://www.cnblogs.com/post/readauth?url =/kermitjam/articles/10147263.html # 但本质原理是拼接成请求头发送 # r.headers['Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password) # 一般的网站都不用默认的加密方式,都是自己写 # 那么我们就需要按照网站的加密方式,自己写一个类似于_basic_auth_str的方法 # 得到加密字符串后添加到请求头 # r.headers['Authorization'] =func('.....') # 看一看默认的加密方式吧,通常网站都不会用默认的加密设置 import requests from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth r =requests.get( ' xxx ' ,auth=HTTPBasicAuth( ' user ' , ' password ' )) print (r.status_code) # HTTPBasicAuth可以简写为如下格式 import requests r =requests.get( ' xxx ' ,auth=( ' user ' , ' password ' )) print (r.status_code)
5、异常处理
# 异常处理 import requests from requests.exceptions import * # 可以查看requests.exceptions获取异常类型 try : r =requests.get( ' http://www.baidu.com ' ,timeout=0.00001 ) except ReadTimeout: print ( ' ===: ' ) # except ConnectionError: #网络不通 # print('----- ') # except Timeout: # print('aaaaa') except RequestException: print ( ' Error ' )
6、上传文件
import requests files ={ ' file ' :open( ' a.jpg ' , ' rb ' )} respone =requests.post( ' http://httpbin.org/post ' ,files= files) print (respone.status_code)
import requests import re # response = requests.get("https://movie.douban.com/top250") # print(response) # print(response.text) # 获取url def get_html(url): response = requests.get(url) return response # 获取正则后的标签re.S是匹配所有的字符包括空格 def parser_html(response): # 使用re正则匹配出图片地址、评分、评论人数 res = re.findall(r ' <div class="item" >.*?<a href=(.*?)>.*?<span class="title">(.*?)</span>.*?<span class="rating_num".*?>(. *?)</span>.*?<span>(\d+)人评价' , response.text, re.S) print (res) return res # 文本模式实现数据持久化 def store(ret): with open( " douban.text " , " a " , encoding= " utf8 " ) as f: for item in ret: f.write( " " .join(item) + " \n " ) # 爬虫三部曲 def do_spider(url): # 1.爬取资源 # "https://movie.douban.com/top250" response = get_html(url) # 2.解析资源 ret = parser_html(response) # 3.数据持久化 store(ret) # 启动爬虫函数 def main(): import time c = time.time() # 初始页数 count = 0 for i in range(10 ): # 豆瓣电影网爬取数据规律 url = " https://movie.douban.com/top250?start=%s&filter= " % count do_spider(url) count += 25 print (time.time() - c) if __name__ == ' __main__ ' : main()
作者信息
Sean
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