实验5 多态

实验任务1

代码

c++

 1 #pragma once
 2 
 3 #include <string>
 4 
 5 // 发行/出版物类:Publisher (抽象类)
 6 class Publisher {
 7 public:
 8     Publisher(const std::string& name_ = "");            // 构造函数
 9     virtual ~Publisher() = default;
10 
11 public:
12     virtual void publish() const = 0;                 // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承
13     virtual void use() const = 0;                     // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承
14 
15 protected:
16     std::string name;    // 发行/出版物名称
17 };
18 
19 // 图书类: Book
20 class Book : public Publisher {
21 public:
22     Book(const std::string& name_ = "", const std::string& author_ = "");  // 构造函数
23 
24 public:
25     void publish() const override;        // 接口
26     void use() const override;            // 接口
27 
28 private:
29     std::string author;          // 作者
30 };
31 
32 // 电影类: Film
33 class Film : public Publisher {
34 public:
35     Film(const std::string& name_ = "", const std::string& director_ = "");   // 构造函数
36 
37 public:
38     void publish() const override;    // 接口
39     void use() const override;        // 接口            
40 
41 private:
42     std::string director;        // 导演
43 };
44 
45 
46 // 音乐类:Music
47 class Music : public Publisher {
48 public:
49     Music(const std::string& name_ = "", const std::string& artist_ = "");
50 
51 public:
52     void publish() const override;        // 接口
53     void use() const override;            // 接口
54 
55 private:
56     std::string artist;      // 音乐艺术家名称
57 };
publisher.hpp
 1 #include <iostream>
 2 #include <string>
 3 #include "publisher.hpp"
 4 
 5 // Publisher类:实现
 6 Publisher::Publisher(const std::string& name_) : name{ name_ } {
 7 }
 8 
 9 
10 // Book类: 实现
11 Book::Book(const std::string& name_, const std::string& author_) : Publisher{ name_ }, author{ author_ } {
12 }
13 
14 void Book::publish() const {
15     std::cout << "Publishing book《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n';
16 }
17 
18 void Book::use() const {
19     std::cout << "Reading book 《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n';
20 }
21 
22 
23 // Film类:实现
24 Film::Film(const std::string& name_, const std::string& director_) :Publisher{ name_ }, director{ director_ } {
25 }
26 
27 void Film::publish() const {
28     std::cout << "Publishing film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n';
29 }
30 
31 void Film::use() const {
32     std::cout << "Watching film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n';
33 }
34 
35 
36 // Music类:实现
37 Music::Music(const std::string& name_, const std::string& artist_) : Publisher{ name_ }, artist{ artist_ } {
38 }
39 
40 void Music::publish() const {
41     std::cout << "Publishing music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n';
42 }
43 
44 void Music::use() const {
45     std::cout << "Listening to music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n';
46 }
publisher.cpp
 1 #include <memory>
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 #include <vector>
 4 #include "publisher.hpp"
 5 
 6 void test1() {
 7     std::vector<Publisher*> v;
 8 
 9     v.push_back(new Book("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling"));
10     v.push_back(new Film("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola"));
11     v.push_back(new Music("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan"));
12 
13     for (Publisher* ptr : v) {
14         ptr->publish();
15         ptr->use();
16         std::cout << '\n';
17         delete ptr;
18     }
19 }
20 
21 void test2() {
22     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Publisher>> v;
23 
24     v.push_back(std::make_unique<Book>("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling"));
25     v.push_back(std::make_unique<Film>("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola"));
26     v.push_back(std::make_unique<Music>("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan"));
27 
28     for (const auto& ptr : v) {
29         ptr->publish();
30         ptr->use();
31         std::cout << '\n';
32     }
33 }
34 
35 void test3() {
36     Book book("A Philosophy of Software Design", "John Ousterhout");
37     book.publish();
38     book.use();
39 }
40 
41 int main() {
42     std::cout << "运行时多态:纯虚函数、抽象类\n";
43 
44     std::cout << "\n测试1: 使用原始指针\n";
45     test1();
46 
47     std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n";
48     test2();
49 
50     std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n";
51     test3();
52 }
task1.cpp

运行测试截图

image

 

问题回答

问题1:抽象类机制 (1)是什么决定了 Publisher 是抽象类?用一句话说明,并指出代码中的具体依据。 (2)如果在 main.cpp 里直接写 Publisher p; 能否编译通过?为什么?

1)Publisher中的函数成员是纯虚函数

依据: virtual void publish() const = 0;     

  virtual void use() const = 0;   

2)不能

Publisher是抽象类,其中包含未实现的纯虚函数,编译器无法确定这些函数的执行逻辑,无法为其分配内存,因此Publisher无法直接声明实例对象,只能定义指针或引用。

问题2:纯虚函数与接口继承 (1) Book 、 Film 、 Music 必须实现哪两个函数才能通过编译?请写出其完整函数声明。 (2) 在 publisher.cpp 的 Film 类实现中,把两个成员函数实现里的 const 去掉(保持函数体不变),重新 编译,报错信息是什么? 

1)必须实现publish()和use()两个函数

声明:void publish() const override;     
void use() const override;   

2)报错信息:

image

 去掉const后函数声明与实现不一致,找不到重载的成员函数

 问题3:运行时多态与虚析构 (1)在 test1() 里, for (Publisher *ptr : v) 中 ptr 的声明类型是什么? (2)当循环执行到 ptr->publish(); 时, ptr 实际指向的对象类型分别有哪些?(按循环顺序写出) (3)基类 Publisher 的析构函数为何声明为 virtual ?若删除 virtual ,执行 delete ptr; 会出现什么 问题? 

1)Publisher* ,抽象类Publisher的指针类型

2)Book、Film、Music

3)声明为virtual是为了实现多态析构,确保当ptr指向某派生类对象并调用delete时可以正确调用该派生类的析构函数;

若删除virtual,执行delete ptr时会出现只能调用基类Publisher的析构函数而无法正确调用其派生类析构函数,造成内存泄漏的问题。

实验任务2

代码

c++

 1 #pragma once
 2 #include <string>
 3 
 4 // 图书描述信息类Book: 声明
 5 class Book {
 6 public:
 7     Book(const std::string &name_, 
 8          const std::string &author_, 
 9          const std::string &translator_, 
10          const std::string &isbn_, 
11          double price_);
12 
13     friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book);
14 
15 private:
16     std::string name;        // 书名
17     std::string author;      // 作者
18     std::string translator;  // 译者
19     std::string isbn;        // isbn号
20     double price;        // 定价
21 };
book.hpp
 1 #include <iomanip>
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 #include <string>
 4 #include "book.hpp"
 5 
 6 
 7 // 图书描述信息类Book: 实现
 8 Book::Book(const std::string &name_, 
 9           const std::string &author_, 
10           const std::string &translator_, 
11           const std::string &isbn_, 
12           double price_):name{name_}, author{author_}, translator{translator_}, isbn{isbn_}, price{price_} {
13 }
14 
15 // 运算符<<重载实现
16 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book) {
17     using std::left;
18     using std::setw;
19     
20     out << left;
21     out << setw(15) << "书名:" << book.name << '\n'
22         << setw(15) << "作者:" << book.author << '\n'
23         << setw(15) << "译者:" << book.translator << '\n'
24         << setw(15) << "ISBN:" << book.isbn << '\n'
25         << setw(15) << "定价:" << book.price;
26 
27     return out;
28 }
book.cpp
 1 #pragma once
 2 
 3 #include <string>
 4 #include "book.hpp"
 5 
 6 // 图书销售记录类BookSales:声明
 7 class BookSale {
 8 public:
 9     BookSale(const Book &rb_, double sales_price_, int sales_amount_);
10     int get_amount() const;   // 返回销售数量
11     double get_revenue() const;   // 返回营收
12     
13     friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item);
14 
15 private:
16     Book rb;         
17     double sales_price;      // 售价
18     int sales_amount;       // 销售数量
19 };
booksale.hpp
 1 #include <iomanip>
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 #include <string>
 4 #include "booksale.hpp"
 5 
 6 // 图书销售记录类BookSales:实现
 7 BookSale::BookSale(const Book &rb_, 
 8                    double sales_price_, 
 9                    int sales_amount_): rb{rb_}, sales_price{sales_price_}, sales_amount{sales_amount_} {
10 }
11 
12 int BookSale::get_amount() const {
13     return sales_amount;
14 }
15 
16 double BookSale::get_revenue() const {
17     return sales_amount * sales_price;
18 }
19 
20 // 运算符<<重载实现
21 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item) {
22     using std::left;
23     using std::setw;
24     
25     out << left;
26     out << item.rb << '\n'
27         << setw(15) << "售价:" << item.sales_price << '\n'
28         << setw(15) << "销售数量:" << item.sales_amount << '\n'
29         << setw(15) << "营收:" << item.get_revenue();
30 
31     return out;
32 }
booksale.cpp
 1 #include <algorithm>
 2 #include <iomanip>
 3 #include <iostream>
 4 #include <string>
 5 #include <vector>
 6 #include "booksale.hpp"
 7 
 8 // 按图书销售数量比较
 9 bool compare_by_amount(const BookSale &x1, const BookSale &x2) {
10     return x1.get_amount() > x2.get_amount();
11 }
12 
13 void test() {
14     using std::cin;
15     using std::cout;
16     using std::getline;
17     using std::sort;
18     using std::string;
19     using std::vector;
20     using std::ws;
21 
22     vector<BookSale> sales_records;         // 图书销售记录表
23 
24     int books_number;
25     cout << "录入图书数量: ";
26     cin >> books_number;
27 
28     cout << "录入图书销售记录\n";
29     for(int i = 0; i < books_number; ++i) {
30         string name, author, translator, isbn;
31         double price;
32         cout << string(20, '-') << "" << i+1 << "本图书信息录入" << string(20, '-') << '\n';
33         cout << "录入书名: "; getline(cin>>ws, name);
34         cout << "录入作者: "; getline(cin>>ws, author);
35         cout << "录入译者: "; getline(cin>>ws, translator);
36         cout << "录入isbn: "; getline(cin>>ws, isbn);
37         cout << "录入定价: "; cin >> price;
38 
39         Book book(name, author, translator, isbn, price);
40 
41         double sales_price;
42         int sales_amount;
43 
44         cout << "录入售价: "; cin >> sales_price;
45         cout << "录入销售数量: "; cin >> sales_amount;
46 
47         BookSale record(book, sales_price, sales_amount);
48         sales_records.push_back(record);
49     }
50 
51     // 按销售册数排序
52     sort(sales_records.begin(), sales_records.end(), compare_by_amount);
53 
54     // 按销售册数降序输出图书销售信息
55     cout << string(20, '=') <<  "图书销售统计" << string(20, '=') << '\n';
56     for(auto &record: sales_records) {
57         cout << record << '\n';
58         cout << string(40, '-') << '\n';
59     }
60 }
61 
62 int main() {
63     test();
64 }
task2.cpp

 

运行测试截图

image

 问题回答

问题1:重载运算符<< (1)找出运算符 << 被重载了几处?分别用于什么类型? (2)找出使用重载 << 输出对象的代码,写在下面。

1)2处

分别用于 Book 类输出和BookSale 类输出

2)booksale.cpp中:out<<item.rb<<'\n';

task2.cpp中:cout<<t<<endl;

问题2:图书销售统计 (1)图书销售记录"按销售数量降序排序",代码是如何实现的? (2)拓展(选答*):如果使用lambda表达式,如何实现"按销售数量降序排序"? 

1)先定义了比较函数compare_by_amount比较图书销售额的大小,再将compare_by_amount作为sort函数的参数按照图书销售额进行降序排序,最后输出。

2)将sort函数中的参数compare_by_amount替换为

 [](const BookSale &x1, const BookSale &x2){ return x1.get_amount() > x2.get_amount();}

 实验任务4

代码

c++

 1 #pragma once
 2 
 3 #include<string>
 4 
 5 class MachinePet {
 6 protected:
 7     std::string nickname;
 8 
 9 public:
10     MachinePet(const std::string& name) :nickname(name) {}
11     virtual~MachinePet() = default;
12 
13     std::string get_nickname() const{
14         return nickname;
15     }
16     virtual std::string talk() const = 0;
17 
18 };
19 
20 class PetCat : public MachinePet {
21 public:
22     PetCat(const std::string& name) :MachinePet(name) {}
23 
24     std::string talk() const override{
25         return "miao wu~";
26     }
27 };
28 
29 class PetDog : public MachinePet {
30 public:
31     PetDog(const std::string& name) :MachinePet(name) {}
32 
33     std::string talk() const override{
34         return "wang wang~";
35     }
36 };
pet.hpp
 1 #include <iostream>
 2 #include <memory>
 3 #include <vector>
 4 #include "pet.hpp"
 5 
 6 void test1() {
 7     std::vector<MachinePet*> pets;
 8 
 9     pets.push_back(new PetCat("miku"));
10     pets.push_back(new PetDog("da huang"));
11 
12     for (MachinePet* ptr : pets) {
13         std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n';
14         delete ptr;  // 须手动释放资源
15     }
16 }
17 
18 void test2() {
19     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MachinePet>> pets;
20 
21     pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetCat>("miku"));
22     pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetDog>("da huang"));
23 
24     for (auto const& ptr : pets)
25         std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n';
26 }
27 
28 void test3() {
29     // MachinePet pet("little cutie");   // 编译报错:无法定义抽象类对象
30 
31     const PetCat cat("miku");
32     std::cout << cat.get_nickname() << " says " << cat.talk() << '\n';
33 
34     const PetDog dog("da huang");
35     std::cout << dog.get_nickname() << " says " << dog.talk() << '\n';
36 }
37 
38 int main() {
39     std::cout << "测试1: 使用原始指针\n";
40     test1();
41 
42     std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n";
43     test2();
44 
45     std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n";
46     test3();
47 }
task4.cpp

运行测试截图

image

实验任务5

代码

c++

 1 #pragma once
 2 
 3 #include<iostream>
 4 
 5 template<typename T>
 6 class Complex{
 7 public:
 8     Complex(T x=T{},T y=T{}):real(x),imag(y){}
 9     Complex& operator+=(const Complex &c){
10         real+=c.real;
11         imag+=c.imag;
12         return *this;
13     }
14     
15     T get_real() const{
16         return real;
17     }
18     T get_imag() const{
19         return imag;
20     }
21     
22     template<typename U>
23     friend Complex<U> operator+(const Complex<U> &c1,const Complex<U> &c2);
24     
25     template<typename U>
26     friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream &in,Complex<U> &c);
27     
28     template<typename U>
29     friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out,const Complex<U> &c);
30     
31     template<typename U>
32     friend bool operator==(const Complex<U> &c1,const Complex<U> &c2); 
33     
34 private:
35     T real,imag;
36 };
37 
38 template<typename U>
39 Complex<U> operator+(const Complex<U> &c1,const Complex<U> &c2){
40     return Complex<U>(c1.real+c2.real,c1.imag+c2.imag);
41 }
42 
43 template<typename U>
44 std::istream& operator>>(std::istream &in,Complex<U> &c){
45     in>>c.real>>c.imag;
46     return in;
47 }
48 
49 template<typename U>
50 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out,const Complex<U> &c){
51     if(c.imag>=0)
52     out<<c.real<<"+"<<c.imag<<"i";
53     else
54     out<<c.real<<c.imag<<"i";
55     
56     return out;
57 }
58 
59 template<typename U>
60 bool operator==(const Complex<U> &c1,const Complex<U> &c2){
61     return c1.real==c2.real&&c1.imag==c2.imag;
62 }
Complex.hpp
 1 #include <iostream>
 2 #include "Complex.hpp"
 3 
 4 void test1() {
 5     using std::cout;
 6     using std::boolalpha;
 7     
 8     Complex<int> c1(2, -5), c2(c1);
 9 
10     cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n';
11     cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n';
12     cout << "c1 + c2 = " << c1 + c2 << '\n';
13     
14     c1 += c2;
15     cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n';
16     cout << boolalpha << (c1 == c2) << '\n';
17 }
18 
19 void test2() {
20     using std::cin;
21     using std::cout;
22 
23     Complex<double> c1, c2;
24     cout << "Enter c1 and c2: ";
25     cin >> c1 >> c2;
26     cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n';
27     cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n';
28 
29     const Complex<double> c3(c1);
30     cout << "c3.real = " << c3.get_real() << '\n';
31     cout << "c3.imag = " << c3.get_imag() << '\n';
32 }
33 
34 int main() {
35     std::cout << "自定义类模板Complex测试1: \n";
36     test1();
37 
38     std::cout << "\n自定义类模板Complex测试2: \n";
39     test2();
40 }
task5.cpp

运行测试截图

image

 

posted @ 2025-12-11 22:00  Wenteen  阅读(4)  评论(0)    收藏  举报