实验5 多态
实验任务1
代码
c++
1 #pragma once 2 3 #include <string> 4 5 // 发行/出版物类:Publisher (抽象类) 6 class Publisher { 7 public: 8 Publisher(const std::string& name_ = ""); // 构造函数 9 virtual ~Publisher() = default; 10 11 public: 12 virtual void publish() const = 0; // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承 13 virtual void use() const = 0; // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承 14 15 protected: 16 std::string name; // 发行/出版物名称 17 }; 18 19 // 图书类: Book 20 class Book : public Publisher { 21 public: 22 Book(const std::string& name_ = "", const std::string& author_ = ""); // 构造函数 23 24 public: 25 void publish() const override; // 接口 26 void use() const override; // 接口 27 28 private: 29 std::string author; // 作者 30 }; 31 32 // 电影类: Film 33 class Film : public Publisher { 34 public: 35 Film(const std::string& name_ = "", const std::string& director_ = ""); // 构造函数 36 37 public: 38 void publish() const override; // 接口 39 void use() const override; // 接口 40 41 private: 42 std::string director; // 导演 43 }; 44 45 46 // 音乐类:Music 47 class Music : public Publisher { 48 public: 49 Music(const std::string& name_ = "", const std::string& artist_ = ""); 50 51 public: 52 void publish() const override; // 接口 53 void use() const override; // 接口 54 55 private: 56 std::string artist; // 音乐艺术家名称 57 };
1 #include <iostream> 2 #include <string> 3 #include "publisher.hpp" 4 5 // Publisher类:实现 6 Publisher::Publisher(const std::string& name_) : name{ name_ } { 7 } 8 9 10 // Book类: 实现 11 Book::Book(const std::string& name_, const std::string& author_) : Publisher{ name_ }, author{ author_ } { 12 } 13 14 void Book::publish() const { 15 std::cout << "Publishing book《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n'; 16 } 17 18 void Book::use() const { 19 std::cout << "Reading book 《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n'; 20 } 21 22 23 // Film类:实现 24 Film::Film(const std::string& name_, const std::string& director_) :Publisher{ name_ }, director{ director_ } { 25 } 26 27 void Film::publish() const { 28 std::cout << "Publishing film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n'; 29 } 30 31 void Film::use() const { 32 std::cout << "Watching film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n'; 33 } 34 35 36 // Music类:实现 37 Music::Music(const std::string& name_, const std::string& artist_) : Publisher{ name_ }, artist{ artist_ } { 38 } 39 40 void Music::publish() const { 41 std::cout << "Publishing music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n'; 42 } 43 44 void Music::use() const { 45 std::cout << "Listening to music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n'; 46 }
1 #include <memory> 2 #include <iostream> 3 #include <vector> 4 #include "publisher.hpp" 5 6 void test1() { 7 std::vector<Publisher*> v; 8 9 v.push_back(new Book("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling")); 10 v.push_back(new Film("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola")); 11 v.push_back(new Music("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan")); 12 13 for (Publisher* ptr : v) { 14 ptr->publish(); 15 ptr->use(); 16 std::cout << '\n'; 17 delete ptr; 18 } 19 } 20 21 void test2() { 22 std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Publisher>> v; 23 24 v.push_back(std::make_unique<Book>("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling")); 25 v.push_back(std::make_unique<Film>("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola")); 26 v.push_back(std::make_unique<Music>("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan")); 27 28 for (const auto& ptr : v) { 29 ptr->publish(); 30 ptr->use(); 31 std::cout << '\n'; 32 } 33 } 34 35 void test3() { 36 Book book("A Philosophy of Software Design", "John Ousterhout"); 37 book.publish(); 38 book.use(); 39 } 40 41 int main() { 42 std::cout << "运行时多态:纯虚函数、抽象类\n"; 43 44 std::cout << "\n测试1: 使用原始指针\n"; 45 test1(); 46 47 std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n"; 48 test2(); 49 50 std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n"; 51 test3(); 52 }
运行测试截图

问题回答
问题1:抽象类机制 (1)是什么决定了 Publisher 是抽象类?用一句话说明,并指出代码中的具体依据。 (2)如果在 main.cpp 里直接写 Publisher p; 能否编译通过?为什么?
1)Publisher中的函数成员是纯虚函数
依据: virtual void publish() const = 0;
virtual void use() const = 0;
2)不能
Publisher是抽象类,其中包含未实现的纯虚函数,编译器无法确定这些函数的执行逻辑,无法为其分配内存,因此Publisher无法直接声明实例对象,只能定义指针或引用。
问题2:纯虚函数与接口继承 (1) Book 、 Film 、 Music 必须实现哪两个函数才能通过编译?请写出其完整函数声明。 (2) 在 publisher.cpp 的 Film 类实现中,把两个成员函数实现里的 const 去掉(保持函数体不变),重新 编译,报错信息是什么?
1)必须实现publish()和use()两个函数
声明:void publish() const override;
void use() const override;
2)报错信息:

去掉const后函数声明与实现不一致,找不到重载的成员函数
问题3:运行时多态与虚析构 (1)在 test1() 里, for (Publisher *ptr : v) 中 ptr 的声明类型是什么? (2)当循环执行到 ptr->publish(); 时, ptr 实际指向的对象类型分别有哪些?(按循环顺序写出) (3)基类 Publisher 的析构函数为何声明为 virtual ?若删除 virtual ,执行 delete ptr; 会出现什么 问题?
1)Publisher* ,抽象类Publisher的指针类型
2)Book、Film、Music
3)声明为virtual是为了实现多态析构,确保当ptr指向某派生类对象并调用delete时可以正确调用该派生类的析构函数;
若删除virtual,执行delete ptr时会出现只能调用基类Publisher的析构函数而无法正确调用其派生类析构函数,造成内存泄漏的问题。
实验任务2
代码
c++
1 #pragma once 2 #include <string> 3 4 // 图书描述信息类Book: 声明 5 class Book { 6 public: 7 Book(const std::string &name_, 8 const std::string &author_, 9 const std::string &translator_, 10 const std::string &isbn_, 11 double price_); 12 13 friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book); 14 15 private: 16 std::string name; // 书名 17 std::string author; // 作者 18 std::string translator; // 译者 19 std::string isbn; // isbn号 20 double price; // 定价 21 };
1 #include <iomanip> 2 #include <iostream> 3 #include <string> 4 #include "book.hpp" 5 6 7 // 图书描述信息类Book: 实现 8 Book::Book(const std::string &name_, 9 const std::string &author_, 10 const std::string &translator_, 11 const std::string &isbn_, 12 double price_):name{name_}, author{author_}, translator{translator_}, isbn{isbn_}, price{price_} { 13 } 14 15 // 运算符<<重载实现 16 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book) { 17 using std::left; 18 using std::setw; 19 20 out << left; 21 out << setw(15) << "书名:" << book.name << '\n' 22 << setw(15) << "作者:" << book.author << '\n' 23 << setw(15) << "译者:" << book.translator << '\n' 24 << setw(15) << "ISBN:" << book.isbn << '\n' 25 << setw(15) << "定价:" << book.price; 26 27 return out; 28 }
1 #pragma once 2 3 #include <string> 4 #include "book.hpp" 5 6 // 图书销售记录类BookSales:声明 7 class BookSale { 8 public: 9 BookSale(const Book &rb_, double sales_price_, int sales_amount_); 10 int get_amount() const; // 返回销售数量 11 double get_revenue() const; // 返回营收 12 13 friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item); 14 15 private: 16 Book rb; 17 double sales_price; // 售价 18 int sales_amount; // 销售数量 19 };
1 #include <iomanip> 2 #include <iostream> 3 #include <string> 4 #include "booksale.hpp" 5 6 // 图书销售记录类BookSales:实现 7 BookSale::BookSale(const Book &rb_, 8 double sales_price_, 9 int sales_amount_): rb{rb_}, sales_price{sales_price_}, sales_amount{sales_amount_} { 10 } 11 12 int BookSale::get_amount() const { 13 return sales_amount; 14 } 15 16 double BookSale::get_revenue() const { 17 return sales_amount * sales_price; 18 } 19 20 // 运算符<<重载实现 21 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item) { 22 using std::left; 23 using std::setw; 24 25 out << left; 26 out << item.rb << '\n' 27 << setw(15) << "售价:" << item.sales_price << '\n' 28 << setw(15) << "销售数量:" << item.sales_amount << '\n' 29 << setw(15) << "营收:" << item.get_revenue(); 30 31 return out; 32 }
1 #include <algorithm> 2 #include <iomanip> 3 #include <iostream> 4 #include <string> 5 #include <vector> 6 #include "booksale.hpp" 7 8 // 按图书销售数量比较 9 bool compare_by_amount(const BookSale &x1, const BookSale &x2) { 10 return x1.get_amount() > x2.get_amount(); 11 } 12 13 void test() { 14 using std::cin; 15 using std::cout; 16 using std::getline; 17 using std::sort; 18 using std::string; 19 using std::vector; 20 using std::ws; 21 22 vector<BookSale> sales_records; // 图书销售记录表 23 24 int books_number; 25 cout << "录入图书数量: "; 26 cin >> books_number; 27 28 cout << "录入图书销售记录\n"; 29 for(int i = 0; i < books_number; ++i) { 30 string name, author, translator, isbn; 31 double price; 32 cout << string(20, '-') << "第" << i+1 << "本图书信息录入" << string(20, '-') << '\n'; 33 cout << "录入书名: "; getline(cin>>ws, name); 34 cout << "录入作者: "; getline(cin>>ws, author); 35 cout << "录入译者: "; getline(cin>>ws, translator); 36 cout << "录入isbn: "; getline(cin>>ws, isbn); 37 cout << "录入定价: "; cin >> price; 38 39 Book book(name, author, translator, isbn, price); 40 41 double sales_price; 42 int sales_amount; 43 44 cout << "录入售价: "; cin >> sales_price; 45 cout << "录入销售数量: "; cin >> sales_amount; 46 47 BookSale record(book, sales_price, sales_amount); 48 sales_records.push_back(record); 49 } 50 51 // 按销售册数排序 52 sort(sales_records.begin(), sales_records.end(), compare_by_amount); 53 54 // 按销售册数降序输出图书销售信息 55 cout << string(20, '=') << "图书销售统计" << string(20, '=') << '\n'; 56 for(auto &record: sales_records) { 57 cout << record << '\n'; 58 cout << string(40, '-') << '\n'; 59 } 60 } 61 62 int main() { 63 test(); 64 }
运行测试截图

问题回答
问题1:重载运算符<< (1)找出运算符 << 被重载了几处?分别用于什么类型? (2)找出使用重载 << 输出对象的代码,写在下面。
1)2处
分别用于 Book 类输出和BookSale 类输出
2)booksale.cpp中:out<<item.rb<<'\n';
task2.cpp中:cout<<t<<endl;
问题2:图书销售统计 (1)图书销售记录"按销售数量降序排序",代码是如何实现的? (2)拓展(选答*):如果使用lambda表达式,如何实现"按销售数量降序排序"?
1)先定义了比较函数compare_by_amount比较图书销售额的大小,再将compare_by_amount作为sort函数的参数按照图书销售额进行降序排序,最后输出。
2)将sort函数中的参数compare_by_amount替换为
[](const BookSale &x1, const BookSale &x2){ return x1.get_amount() > x2.get_amount();}
实验任务4
代码
c++
1 #pragma once 2 3 #include<string> 4 5 class MachinePet { 6 protected: 7 std::string nickname; 8 9 public: 10 MachinePet(const std::string& name) :nickname(name) {} 11 virtual~MachinePet() = default; 12 13 std::string get_nickname() const{ 14 return nickname; 15 } 16 virtual std::string talk() const = 0; 17 18 }; 19 20 class PetCat : public MachinePet { 21 public: 22 PetCat(const std::string& name) :MachinePet(name) {} 23 24 std::string talk() const override{ 25 return "miao wu~"; 26 } 27 }; 28 29 class PetDog : public MachinePet { 30 public: 31 PetDog(const std::string& name) :MachinePet(name) {} 32 33 std::string talk() const override{ 34 return "wang wang~"; 35 } 36 };
1 #include <iostream> 2 #include <memory> 3 #include <vector> 4 #include "pet.hpp" 5 6 void test1() { 7 std::vector<MachinePet*> pets; 8 9 pets.push_back(new PetCat("miku")); 10 pets.push_back(new PetDog("da huang")); 11 12 for (MachinePet* ptr : pets) { 13 std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n'; 14 delete ptr; // 须手动释放资源 15 } 16 } 17 18 void test2() { 19 std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MachinePet>> pets; 20 21 pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetCat>("miku")); 22 pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetDog>("da huang")); 23 24 for (auto const& ptr : pets) 25 std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n'; 26 } 27 28 void test3() { 29 // MachinePet pet("little cutie"); // 编译报错:无法定义抽象类对象 30 31 const PetCat cat("miku"); 32 std::cout << cat.get_nickname() << " says " << cat.talk() << '\n'; 33 34 const PetDog dog("da huang"); 35 std::cout << dog.get_nickname() << " says " << dog.talk() << '\n'; 36 } 37 38 int main() { 39 std::cout << "测试1: 使用原始指针\n"; 40 test1(); 41 42 std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n"; 43 test2(); 44 45 std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n"; 46 test3(); 47 }
运行测试截图

实验任务5
代码
c++
1 #pragma once 2 3 #include<iostream> 4 5 template<typename T> 6 class Complex{ 7 public: 8 Complex(T x=T{},T y=T{}):real(x),imag(y){} 9 Complex& operator+=(const Complex &c){ 10 real+=c.real; 11 imag+=c.imag; 12 return *this; 13 } 14 15 T get_real() const{ 16 return real; 17 } 18 T get_imag() const{ 19 return imag; 20 } 21 22 template<typename U> 23 friend Complex<U> operator+(const Complex<U> &c1,const Complex<U> &c2); 24 25 template<typename U> 26 friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream &in,Complex<U> &c); 27 28 template<typename U> 29 friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out,const Complex<U> &c); 30 31 template<typename U> 32 friend bool operator==(const Complex<U> &c1,const Complex<U> &c2); 33 34 private: 35 T real,imag; 36 }; 37 38 template<typename U> 39 Complex<U> operator+(const Complex<U> &c1,const Complex<U> &c2){ 40 return Complex<U>(c1.real+c2.real,c1.imag+c2.imag); 41 } 42 43 template<typename U> 44 std::istream& operator>>(std::istream &in,Complex<U> &c){ 45 in>>c.real>>c.imag; 46 return in; 47 } 48 49 template<typename U> 50 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out,const Complex<U> &c){ 51 if(c.imag>=0) 52 out<<c.real<<"+"<<c.imag<<"i"; 53 else 54 out<<c.real<<c.imag<<"i"; 55 56 return out; 57 } 58 59 template<typename U> 60 bool operator==(const Complex<U> &c1,const Complex<U> &c2){ 61 return c1.real==c2.real&&c1.imag==c2.imag; 62 }
1 #include <iostream> 2 #include "Complex.hpp" 3 4 void test1() { 5 using std::cout; 6 using std::boolalpha; 7 8 Complex<int> c1(2, -5), c2(c1); 9 10 cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n'; 11 cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n'; 12 cout << "c1 + c2 = " << c1 + c2 << '\n'; 13 14 c1 += c2; 15 cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n'; 16 cout << boolalpha << (c1 == c2) << '\n'; 17 } 18 19 void test2() { 20 using std::cin; 21 using std::cout; 22 23 Complex<double> c1, c2; 24 cout << "Enter c1 and c2: "; 25 cin >> c1 >> c2; 26 cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n'; 27 cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n'; 28 29 const Complex<double> c3(c1); 30 cout << "c3.real = " << c3.get_real() << '\n'; 31 cout << "c3.imag = " << c3.get_imag() << '\n'; 32 } 33 34 int main() { 35 std::cout << "自定义类模板Complex测试1: \n"; 36 test1(); 37 38 std::cout << "\n自定义类模板Complex测试2: \n"; 39 test2(); 40 }
运行测试截图


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