在数据库没有启动之前，数据库内建用户是无法通过数据库来验证身份的。口令文件中存放sysdba/sysoper用户的用户名及口令，允许用户通过口令文件验证，在数据库未启动之前登陆，从而启动数据库。如果没有口令文件，在数据库未启动之前就只能通过操作系统认证.使用Rman，很多时候需要在nomount,mount等状态对数据库进行处理所以通常要求sysdba权限如果属于本地DBA组，可以通过操作系统认证登陆如果是远程sysdba登陆，需要通过passwordfile认证.
1.remote_login_passwordfile = NONE此时停用口令文件验证，Oracle数据库不允许远程SYSDBA/SYSOPER身份登录无法通过远程进行数据库起停等操作管理local:
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Thu Apr 15 09:58:45 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.Connected to:Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - ProductionWith the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining optionsJServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production
SQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;
User altered.
SQL> show parameter passNAME TYPE VALUE
--------------------- ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string NONE
remote:
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:39:22 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba
ERROR:ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
此处实际上是无法通过口令文件验证
2.remote_login_passwordfile = exclusive
SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;
System altered.
SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes
Fixed Size 451576 bytes
Variable Size 104857600 bytes
Database Buffers 25165824 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> show parameter passNAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string
EXCLUSIVESQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;User altered.
remote:
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:47:11 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba已连接。
SQL> show userUSER 为"SYS"SQL>
这实际上就是通过口令文件验证登录的
3.进一步测试如果此时我们删除passwdfile,sysdba/sysoper将无法认证，也就无法登陆数据库
Server:
SQL> ![oracle@jumper oracle]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls orapwhsjforapwhsjf
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak
[oracle@jumper dbs]$
Remote:
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:50:14 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba
ERROR:ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
SQL>
这实际上就是无法通过口令文件验证身份
4.如果丢失了passwdfile如果使用passwdfile却意外丢失，此时将不能启动数据库
SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes
Fixed Size 451576 bytes
Variable Size 104857600 bytes
Database Buffers 25165824 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
ORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'
ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
Linux Error: 2: No such file or directoryAdditional information: 3
此时可以通过orapwd重建口令文件来解决此处我们恢复口令文件既可
SQL> ![oracle@jumper oracle]$ mv $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwhsjf.bak orapwhsjf
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ exitexitSQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL>
大致就是如此.
5. remote_login_passwordfile = shared
我们看一下Oracle9i文档中的说明:
SHARED
More than one database can use a password file. However, the only user recognized by the password file is SYS.
意思是说多个数据库可以共享一个口令文件,但是只可以识别一个用户:SYS
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP
------------------------------ ----- -----
SYS TRUE TRUE
SQL> grant sysdba to eygle;
grant sysdba to eygle*
ERROR at line 1:ORA-01994: GRANT failed: cannot add users to public password file
SQL> show parameter password
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED
我们看到,此时的口令文件中是不能添加用户的.
很多人的疑问在于:口令文件的缺省名称是orapw<sid>,怎么能够共享?
实际上是这样的: Oracle数据库在启动时,首先查找的是orapw<sid>的口令文件,如果该文件不存在,则开始查找,orapw的口令文件如果口令文件命名为orapw,多个数据库就可以共享.
我们看一下测试:
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Tue Jul 6 09:40:34 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.Connected to:Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - ProductionWith the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining optionsJServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production
SQL> shutdown
immediateDatabase closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> ![oracle@jumper dbs]$ lshsjf initdw.ora
inithsjf.ora
init.ora
lkHSJF orapwhsjf
spfilehsjf.ora
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf
orapwhsjf.bak
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exitexitSQL> startupORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 235999908 bytes
Fixed Size 451236 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
ORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'--这是最后查找的文件ORA-27037: unable to obtain file statusLinux Error: 2: No such file or directoryAdditional information: 3
我们建立orapw口令文件,这时候可以打开数据库.
SQL> !
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ lshsjf
initdw.ora
inithsjf.ora
init.ora
lkHSJF orapwhsjf.bak
spfilehsjf.ora
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ cp orapwhsjf.bak orapw
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exitexitSQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL> show parameter passwNAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string SHAREDSQL>
那么你可能会有这样的疑问,多个Exclusive的数据库是否可以共享一个口令文件(orapw)呢?
我们继续这个实验:
SQL> show parameter password
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw]\[ZORACLE Remote Password fileINTERNALAB27B53EDC5FEF418A8F025737A9097A
注意这里仅记录着INTERNAL/SYS的口令
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE 时
SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;
System altered.
SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 235999908 bytes
Fixed Size 451236 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> !
[oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw]\[ZORACLE Remote Password fileHSJFINTERNALAB27B53EDC5FEF418A8F025737A9097A
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exitexit
注意这里,以EXCLUSIVE 方式启动以后,实例名称信息被写入口令文件.
此时如果有其他实例以Exclusive模式启动仍然可以使用这个口令文件,口令文件中的实例名称同时被改写.
也就是说,数据库只在启动过程中才读取口令文件,数据库运行过程中并不锁定该文件,类似于pfile/spfile文件.
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP------------------------------ ----- -----SYS TRUE TRUE
SQL> grant sysdba to eygle;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP------------------------------ ----- -----SYS TRUE TRUEEYGLE TRUE FALSE
SQL> !
[oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw]\[ZORACLE Remote Password fileHSJFINTERNALAB27B53EDC5FEF418A8F025737A9097A>EYGLEB726E09FE21F8E83
注意此时可以增加SYSDBA用户，并且这些信息可以被写入到口令文件.
一旦口令文件中增加了其他SYSDBA用户,此文件不再能够被其他Exclusive的实例共享.
实际上，口令文件对于其他用户来说就是启到了一个 sudo 的作用.
6.重建口令文件
如果口令文件丢失,可以使用orapwd可以重建口令文件，语法如下:
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ orapwdUsage: orapwd file=<fname> password=<password> entries=<users>
wherefile - name of password file (mand),password - password for SYS (mand),entries - maximum number of distinct DBA and OPERs (opt), There are no spaces around the equal-to (=) character.
1.remote_login_passwordfile = NONE此时停用口令文件验证，Oracle数据库不允许远程SYSDBA/SYSOPER身份登录无法通过远程进行数据库起停等操作管理local:
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Thu Apr 15 09:58:45 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.Connected to:Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - ProductionWith the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining optionsJServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production
SQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;
User altered.
SQL> show parameter passNAME TYPE VALUE
--------------------- ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string NONE
remote:
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:39:22 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba
ERROR:ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
此处实际上是无法通过口令文件验证
2.remote_login_passwordfile = exclusive
SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;
System altered.
SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes
Fixed Size 451576 bytes
Variable Size 104857600 bytes
Database Buffers 25165824 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> show parameter passNAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string
EXCLUSIVESQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;User altered.
remote:
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:47:11 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba已连接。
SQL> show userUSER 为"SYS"SQL>
这实际上就是通过口令文件验证登录的
3.进一步测试如果此时我们删除passwdfile,sysdba/sysoper将无法认证，也就无法登陆数据库
Server:
SQL> ![oracle@jumper oracle]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls orapwhsjforapwhsjf
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak
[oracle@jumper dbs]$
Remote:
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:50:14 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba
ERROR:ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
SQL>
这实际上就是无法通过口令文件验证身份
4.如果丢失了passwdfile如果使用passwdfile却意外丢失，此时将不能启动数据库
SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes
Fixed Size 451576 bytes
Variable Size 104857600 bytes
Database Buffers 25165824 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
ORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'
ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
Linux Error: 2: No such file or directoryAdditional information: 3
此时可以通过orapwd重建口令文件来解决此处我们恢复口令文件既可
SQL> ![oracle@jumper oracle]$ mv $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwhsjf.bak orapwhsjf
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ exitexitSQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL>
大致就是如此.
5. remote_login_passwordfile = shared
我们看一下Oracle9i文档中的说明:
SHARED
More than one database can use a password file. However, the only user recognized by the password file is SYS.
意思是说多个数据库可以共享一个口令文件,但是只可以识别一个用户:SYS
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP
------------------------------ ----- -----
SYS TRUE TRUE
SQL> grant sysdba to eygle;
grant sysdba to eygle*
ERROR at line 1:ORA-01994: GRANT failed: cannot add users to public password file
SQL> show parameter password
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED
我们看到,此时的口令文件中是不能添加用户的.
很多人的疑问在于:口令文件的缺省名称是orapw<sid>,怎么能够共享?
实际上是这样的: Oracle数据库在启动时,首先查找的是orapw<sid>的口令文件,如果该文件不存在,则开始查找,orapw的口令文件如果口令文件命名为orapw,多个数据库就可以共享.
我们看一下测试:
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Tue Jul 6 09:40:34 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.Connected to:Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - ProductionWith the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining optionsJServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production
SQL> shutdown
immediateDatabase closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> ![oracle@jumper dbs]$ lshsjf initdw.ora
inithsjf.ora
init.ora
lkHSJF orapwhsjf
spfilehsjf.ora
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf
orapwhsjf.bak
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exitexitSQL> startupORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 235999908 bytes
Fixed Size 451236 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
ORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'--这是最后查找的文件ORA-27037: unable to obtain file statusLinux Error: 2: No such file or directoryAdditional information: 3
我们建立orapw口令文件,这时候可以打开数据库.
SQL> !
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ lshsjf
initdw.ora
inithsjf.ora
init.ora
lkHSJF orapwhsjf.bak
spfilehsjf.ora
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ cp orapwhsjf.bak orapw
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exitexitSQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL> show parameter passwNAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string SHAREDSQL>
那么你可能会有这样的疑问,多个Exclusive的数据库是否可以共享一个口令文件(orapw)呢?
我们继续这个实验:
SQL> show parameter password
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw]\[ZORACLE Remote Password fileINTERNALAB27B53EDC5FEF418A8F025737A9097A
注意这里仅记录着INTERNAL/SYS的口令
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE 时
SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;
System altered.
SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 235999908 bytes
Fixed Size 451236 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> !
[oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw]\[ZORACLE Remote Password fileHSJFINTERNALAB27B53EDC5FEF418A8F025737A9097A
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exitexit
注意这里,以EXCLUSIVE 方式启动以后,实例名称信息被写入口令文件.
此时如果有其他实例以Exclusive模式启动仍然可以使用这个口令文件,口令文件中的实例名称同时被改写.
也就是说,数据库只在启动过程中才读取口令文件,数据库运行过程中并不锁定该文件,类似于pfile/spfile文件.
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP------------------------------ ----- -----SYS TRUE TRUE
SQL> grant sysdba to eygle;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP------------------------------ ----- -----SYS TRUE TRUEEYGLE TRUE FALSE
SQL> !
[oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw]\[ZORACLE Remote Password fileHSJFINTERNALAB27B53EDC5FEF418A8F025737A9097A>EYGLEB726E09FE21F8E83
注意此时可以增加SYSDBA用户，并且这些信息可以被写入到口令文件.
一旦口令文件中增加了其他SYSDBA用户,此文件不再能够被其他Exclusive的实例共享.
实际上，口令文件对于其他用户来说就是启到了一个 sudo 的作用.
6.重建口令文件
如果口令文件丢失,可以使用orapwd可以重建口令文件，语法如下:
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ orapwdUsage: orapwd file=<fname> password=<password> entries=<users>
wherefile - name of password file (mand),password - password for SYS (mand),entries - maximum number of distinct DBA and OPERs (opt), There are no spaces around the equal-to (=) character.
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