英语语法笔记摘录

英语语法笔记摘录

最近一次更新:2022年9月4日

自己对于一些知识点的摘录

▉ 写作句型

If + S + 过去式, S + could / should / would do
一般用来表示与现在事实相反的假设,该句型在议论文中的表现力很强,使用频率较高。

e.g If those who throw themselves into the Internet knew that the virtual world is of secondary importance, they would not be reduced to slaves of the Internet.
如果那些投身于互联网的人清楚虚拟世界并不是最重要的,那么他们就不会沦为网络的奴隶。

the more ..., the more ...
|如果more后面跟的都是形容词,我们可以这样写:

e.g The more vivid the picture of the electronic device (is), the more people indulge in the virtual world.
电子设备的画面越生动,沉溺于虚拟世界的人就越多。

|如果动词为be动词,那么可以省略。

e.g Statistics show that the faster the pace of work (is), the worse people's physical condition (is).
数据显示,工作节奏越快的人,身体状况越糟糕。

|当然,我们还可以把宾语提到more的后面,让more直接跟名词。请看下面的例句:

e.g The more opportunities parents give their children to make their own choices, the stronger their independence.
家长让孩子自己做选择的机会越多,他的独立性就越强。
e.g The more attention we pay to environmental issues, the faster the laws and regulations to protect the environment are introduced.
我们关注环境问题越多,保护环境的法律法规就会越快出台。

A is to B what C is to D

e.g. Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.
Reading is to the spirit as exercises are to the body.
Like a flower to its perfume, I am bound to my vague memory of you. I live with pain that is like a wound; if you touch me, you will do me irreparable harm.如花之于花香,我对你的记忆模糊。我活着像是受伤一样痛苦;如果你碰我,会给我带来无可挽回的伤害。

▓ 语法知识

to do 不定式(将来)
doing 现在分词/动名词(主动进行)
past participle 过去分词(被动完成)

▉ 完全倒装

(Total Inversion)

  • Here/There/Then + 主语为n.
    e.g.Here comes the bus.
  • 句首为表示方位方向的短语,谓语整体提前
    e.g.Out of the room rushed the boy.
    e.g.At the top of the mountain stands[与后面的主语单复一致] a tall pine.

▉ 部分倒装

(Partial Inversion)
将谓语部分(如be,助动词do/does/did/have/has/had,情态动词can/could/will/would/must/may/should等)放于主语之前进行强调的倒装句语序

  • 否定词位于句首
    如never,nowhere,little,few,No,hardly,seldom,scarcely,rarely,barely,
    in no time(马上),by no means(决不),not until,in no way(决不),at no time(任何时候都不,决不),
    no sooner... than...,hardly... when,scarcely... when,not once(一次也不,不止一次),only+状语,So + adj./adv.,Such

e.g.
I will never forget you.
--> Never will I forget you.
He said little at the meeting.
--> Little did he say at the meeting.
On no account(决不) can we ignore the value of knowledge.

  • not only... but also...连接两句时,not only后的句子部分倒装,but also后的句子不用倒装

e.g.Not only was there no electricity,but also there was no water.
若句首的not only... but also...连接两并列短语,不可倒装
e.g.Not only you but also I am fond of the music.

  • Not until提到句首时,主句部分倒装,从句不倒装

e.g.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
--> Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

  • no sooner... than...,hardly... when,scarcely... when连接主从复合句时,主句一般用过去完成时,从句一般用一般过去时,no sooner、hardly、scarcely提至句首时主句部分倒装,从句不倒装

e.g.
We had hardly/scarcely gotten there when it began to rain.
--> Hardly/Scarcely had we gotten there when it began to rain.

  • So/Such... that中So/Such连同其直接修饰的成分提到句首进行强调时,主句部分倒装,that后的结果状语从句不用倒装

e.g.So angry was he that he couldn't speak.
e.g.Such a nice man did he seem that we all believe him.
e.g.Such is human nature that all are chasing after fame and fortune.

附:
so + adj./adv. + that
so + adj. + a + n.(单数可数) + that
so + many/few/much/little + n. + that
such + a + adj. + n.(单数可数) + that
such + adj. + n.(复数可数/不可数) + that

  • as/though倒装句
    名词(形容词)+as/though+主语+系动词

Child as/though he is,
Tiring/Exhausting/Dull and laborious as the work is,

副词+as/though+主语+动词

Fast as you read,

动词原形+宾语或状语+as/though+主语+助动词/情态动词

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
他工作很努力,但总不能让人满意。

分词短语+as/though+主语+be动词:把进行时或被动语态情况下的分词短语,提到从属连词as/though 之前。

Raining hard as it is, I’m going out for a walk.

▉ Only倒装用法

  • Only + adv.于句首
    e.g.Only then(只有那时候) did I realize that I was wrong.
  • Only + prep.短语于句首
    e.g.Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard.
    e.g.Only in the reading room can you find him.
  • Only + 状语从句于句首
    e.g.Only after she died was I able to appreciate her.
    e.g.Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened.
  • Only + 宾语于句首(可以不倒装)
    e.g.Only a policeman the children saw in the street.
  • only if(只有)
    e.g.Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees.
  • if only(要是,但愿[强烈的愿望,可用虚拟语气])
    |Only if we ... can we ...|Only in this way can we|only when
    e.g.It was only when he finally drifted off(迷迷糊糊睡着) to sleep that the headaches eased(缓解,减轻).

▉ 虚拟语气

  • 与事实相反
  • 期望,意愿,建议,命令,要求

e.g. recommend that sb (should) do

  • 情态动词modal. + have + done表示对过去已发生行为的推测

may/might have done 也许已经(不能用于疑问句)
needn't have done 做了本来不必做的事
can/could have done 否定句和疑问句中表示对过去行为的怀疑、不确定;肯定句中表示本来可以
will have done 表示将来完成时或对已完成的动作的推测
must have done 想必,一定做了(用于肯定句,表推测)
should/ought to have done 肯定句中表示本该做而没做,否定句中表示不该做反而做了

  • if引导条件状语从句

现在 --> 一般过去时 did/were..., would do...
过去 --> 过去完成时 had done..., would have done
将来 --> 过去将来时 should do/were to do..., would do

虚拟语气中if可省略倒装
过去:If you had arrived earlier,you could have seen him. = Had you arrived earlier,you could have seen him.
现在:If I were you,I would do... = Were I you,I would do...
将来:If you should..., you would do... = Should you do..., you would do...

  • wish用法较特殊,类似条件状语从句(将来时表示不大可能实现的愿望)

wish ... did(现在)/were(现在)/had done(过去)/would do(将来)/could do(将来)

  • It is time that + 主语从句 虚拟语气(表个人态度的名词性从句)
    我认为早就该做或本该做而没做

e.g.It's time that you got up.你早该起床了(表明对你现在迟迟不起床的态度)
e.g.It was time that he had set out on time.他当时本该按时出发的。

time可用high,due,right修饰,强调正是该做的时候,或用about修饰表示差不多该做的时候
it's high time that we did/should do

  • 类似的特殊名词性从句还有had better,would rather

e.g.You had better that went out for a walk.你要是去散步该多好。
e.g.We would rather that he had stayed at home yesterday.我们宁肯他昨天待在家里,那该多好。

  • if only虚拟语气

时态倒退一格.与过去事实相反,后面跟过去完成时, would/could have done或had done
与现在事实相反,后面跟一般过去时.
与将来事实相反,后面跟一般过去时或should could might + 动词原形
If only I were a girl.= I wish I were a girl.
我要是个女孩就好了
If only I could see you tomorrow. 要是我明天能见到你就好了

▉ 独立主格结构

(Absolute Construction)
n./pron. + n./doing/Infinitives(不定式)/past participle(过去分词)/adj./adv./prep短语
这个结构本不能单独成句,在句中做状语表时间、状态、条件等

  • +Infinitives 表将来
    e.g.There are the first two books,the third one to come out next month.
  • +doing 表主动
    e.g.The man lay there,his hands trembling.
  • +present participle 表被动
  • +adj. 表说明
    e.g.The floor wet and slippery,we would have to wait for a moment.
  • +adv. 表状态
    e.g.He sat at the table,head down.
  • +n.表同位语
    e.g.He fought the tiger,a stick his only weapon.
  • +prep.短语
    e.g. He came in,a book under his arm.
  • With的复合结构
    e.g.She came into the bus with a baby around her arms.
  • There be --> There being
  • 人称代词、冠词等修饰词需去掉
    e.g.Weather permitting,we shall go there.

▉ 一...就...

as soon as

  • Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely had sb done... when sb did
    一般描述过去动作,主句过去完成时,从句一般过去时,hardly可替换为,若提到句首则部分倒装
  • No sooner had sb done... than sb did,用法与1类似
  • the moment/minute/second/instant + 从句
    e.g.I wanted to call at him the minute/second/instant he arrived.
  • directly/immediately + 从句
    e.g.I came immediately I heard the news.
  • On/Upon doing
    e.g.On arriving home I discovered they had gone.

▉ 定语从句

(Relative Clauses)

  • 关系代词

that指人/物,作主语时不可省,作宾语一般可省
which指物,作主语不可省,作宾语一般可省
who指人,作主语;口语中有时也作宾语,作宾语一般可省
whom指人,做宾语,一般可省
whose指人(sb's)/物(sth's)(多指人,指物时可与of which互换),作定语
as指人/物,作主语或宾语

  • 用that而不用which的情况

❶先行词既有人又有物
❷主句是which或who开头的特殊疑问句
e.g.Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
❸先行词是序数词或最高级(或前面有序数词/最高级修饰时)
❹先行词有every,each,no,some,the only,the very,the last,the same修饰
❺先行词是all,much,few,little,any,none,the one(共同点:有“唯一”或“全部”的概念,以致不可选择),something,everything,anything,nothing等不定代词或被这些词修饰时
e.g.Tell me everything that you know.
❻先行词在主句中作表语,且关系代词在从句中也做表语(此时句子一般有类比的含义)
e.g.Our school is no longer the place that it used to be.

  • 用which而不用that的情况

❶非限制性定语从句
❷关系代词前有介词时一般用which
❸先行词为that或those
e.g.What's that which flashed in the sky just now?
❹限制性定语从句中,若有两个定语从句,一句用that,另一句宜用which
e.g.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.

  • 用who而不用that的情况

❶先行词为指人的不定代词,如one,ones,anyone,no one,nobody,anybody,none,all
❷there be结构中先行词指人
❸先行词为people或those
❹一个句子中有两个定语从句,且先行词都指人,一个用that,另一个宜用who
注:who可以引导非限制性定语从句

  • 主谓一致

❶关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词单复数根据先行词而定(如those who are...)
❷one of + 限定词 + 名词复数 + 定语从句(谓语动词用复数)
e.g.She's one of my best friends that are studying here.
❸the only/the very/the right one of + 限定词 + 名词复数 + 定语从句(谓语动词用单数)

  • as

若用于such... as...,the same... as...等结构中,不可省(先行词被the same修饰时也可用that,但that表示同一事物)
e.g.Such books as I have read are classical works.(我所读过的书都是经典著作)
e.g.This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.(这正是我昨天丢的那支钢笔(同一个))
e.g.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.(这支钢笔和我昨天丢的那支一样(同一类))
若引导非限制性定语从句代替整个主句,该从句可放在主句前、主句后或主句中间(which引导非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句时只能位于主句后,可译为“这一点”)

注:
as we all know = as is known to all(众所周知)
as is well-known to us all
as you (can) see(正如你所看到的)
as can be seen(正如所见)
as was expected = as we expect(正如预料的那样)
as we can imagine(正如我们可以想象的那样)
as I can remember(正如我所记得的那样)
as is reported in the newspaper(正如报纸上所报道的那样)
as is believed that
as is often the case(情况常常如此)
as is often said
as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)
as has been pointed out(正如已经指出的那样)
as has been said before(如前所述)

  • who,whom,which,that在限制性定语从句中作动词的宾语/表语或作位于从句句末的介词的宾语时,关系代词可省(若直接放在介词后作宾语则不可省)

e.g.China is not the country (that) it was.

  • which在非限制性定语从句中可指代名词,形容词,短语,其它从句,或整个主句;

e.g.The apple trees,which I planted 3 years ago,have not borne any fruit.(指代The apple trees)
e.g.She's always careless,which we should not be.(指代careless)
e.g.He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.(指代that he had never seen her before)
which在从句中可作主语,动词宾语,介词宾语,表语

  • 限制性定语从句起修饰,限制,识别的作用,删去后会导致句意不完整或概念不清
    非限制性定语从句起补充说明的作用,删去后句意依然完整

e.g.I have a sister who is a doctor.(我有一个当医生的姐姐(可能不止一个姐姐))
e.g.I have a sister,who is a doctor.(我有一个姐姐,她是医生(只有一个姐姐))

  • 关系副词where引导定语从句作地点状语(= 介词 + which)

先行词为case(情况),situation(情况),position(位置,职位),condition(情形,条件),point(境地),stage(境地,阶段,状态,时期),atmosphere(气氛),state(状态,状况)等表示抽象地点与状况的词,且关系词在从句中作状语时,常用where/in which引导
e.g.This is the farm that/which we visited 10 years ago.
e.g.This is the farm where/in which we worked 10 years ago.

  • 关系副词when引导定语从句作时间状语(= at/in which)

先行词为time,day,year,month,week等表示时间的词,且在句中作时间状语
注:the reason why + 从句 = for which
先行词是reason且关系词在从句中作原因状语时,用why/for which引导,其中why只能引导限制性定语从句,for which可引导非限制性定语从句

▉ 易混淆词汇辨析

|access(v./n.),accessible(可到达的) --- assess(v.评估),assessment,assessable --- assemble(v.聚集,集合,组装),assembly(议会,集会,(全校师生的)晨会)
|assume,assumption(n.假定,假设) --- assurance(n.保证,担保)
|presume,presumption(假设) --- consume,consumption(消耗),consumer(消费者,用户) --- resume(n.概要 v.重新开始),resumption
|status(地位,职位,状况) --- statue(雕像) --- state(状态,州,陈述) --- statistics(统计学,统计数据) --- statics(静力学,静态)
|accent(口音) --- scent(香味)
|descent(n. 下降,血统) --- decent(得体的,恰当的)
|cautious(小心谨慎的) --- casual(不经意的,随便的)
|considerate(考虑周到的,体贴的) --- considerable(相对大的,重要的)
|prosperity(繁荣) --- property(财产) --- poverty(贫穷)
|contrast(n.差异,v.形成对比) --- contract(合同,契约)
|motivation(动力,积极性) --- meditation(冥想,沉思)
|restrict(限制) --- district(地区)
|religion(宗教),religious ---- region(地区),regional(区域的)
|complain(抱怨),complaint --- campaign(运动)
|appreciated(被欣赏的) --- appreciative(感激的,有欣赏力的)
|agreeable(令人愉快的,惬意的) --- advisable(明智的,可取的) --- acceptable(可接受的,认同的)
|current(现在的) --- accurate(精确的)
|delicate(精美的,脆弱的) --- dedicate(v.奉献) --- devote(v.奉献)
|principle(原则,原理) --- principal(最重要的,校长)
|previous(先前的) --- precious(珍贵的)
|adjust(调整) --- justify(v.证明...正确,解释,辩解)
|admission(准许进入,招认,入场费) --- permission(许可,许可证)
|victim(受害者,罹难者 ; 罹病者) --- virtue(美德)
|attitude(态度) --- altitude(海拔)--- aptitude(天赋) --- appetite(食欲)
|board(n.板,委员会,v.上船(或车、飞机等),寄宿),boarding(n.寄宿,木板),aboard(adv./prep. 在船(或车、飞机等)上,上船(或车、飞机等)) --- broad(宽阔的),abroad(adv.在/到国外,在/到户外,广为流传)
|conservation(保护) --- conversation(交谈)--- conversion(转换)---convention(惯例)
|bracket(支架,括号) --- bracelet(手镯) --- blanket(毯子) --- blank(adj空白的,n空白)
|before long(不久,很快) --- long before(很久以前)
|only if(只有[注意倒装]) --- if only(要是,但愿[可用虚拟语气])
|emphasis(n.强调) --- emphasize(v.强调)
|surgery(外科手术) --- surge(涌动,激增)
|preserve(保护) --- persevere(坚持)
|approval(同意) --- proposal(提议)
|reveal(揭示) --- conveal(隐藏)
|attribute(把…归因于) --- distribute(分配)
|contrast(差异) --- contract(合同,契约)
|leak(泄露) --- leap(跳跃,激增) --- steep(陡峭的)
|confirm(证实,确认,确信) --- conform(遵从,符合) --- confine(限制)
|strategy(策略) --- tragedy(悲剧)
|loyal(忠诚的) --- royal(皇家的)
|complement(补充) --- implement(实施) --- compliment (赞美)
|clash(冲突) --- crash(猛撞,坠毁,崩溃,暴跌) --- crack(v.破裂,猛击 n.裂缝)--- crush(压碎)
|curse(咒骂) --- curve(曲线)
|strike(击,打,罢工),struck,struck --- stroke(n. 一击,v. 轻抚),stroked,stroked
|lie(躺,说谎,谎言),lay,lain,lying --- lay(放置,下蛋),laid,laid,laying
|dairy(乳制品) --- diary(日记)
|damp(潮湿,抑制) --- dump(倾倒,倾销)
|overtake(超过) --- undertake(承担)---withstand(承受)
|extinguish(熄灭)---distinguish(辨别)
|violet(紫罗兰)---violent(暴力的)
|suspicion(怀疑)---suspension(暂停)
|council(委员会)---counsel(建议)
|ethic(伦理,道德)--- ethnic(民族的)
|curse(诅咒)--- curve(曲线)
|be filled up(fill...up的被动形式)--- fill up with...(无被动形式)
|consent(同意)--- resent(怨恨)
|reveal(揭示)--- conceal(隐藏,掩盖)
|so as (not) to do(为了(不)做)--- so ... as to do/such + n. ... as to do(以至于)
|authenticity(真实性,可靠性)---authority(权威人士,专家)
|desperate --- separate
|put off --- pull off
|hold up --- hang up
|poverty --- property
|insist on --- persist in
|tone --- tune
|rhyme --- rhythm
|persistence --- assistance
|adoption --- adaptation
|suspect,suspicion(怀疑)---suspend(暂停,悬挂),suspension
|waist(腰)---wrist(手腕)
|industrial(工业的) --- industrious(勤奋的)
preference --- perseverance
effective(有效的) --- efficient(高效的)
sensible --- sensitive
priceless,invaluable(无价的)--- worthless(没有价值的)
考前容易弄混的词汇自查自纠 https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/mg48shh9yPbYk7277tEtlw

▉ 拓展链接

https://www.sohu.com/a/463208135_578753
https://wenku.baidu.com/view/5d76a01b6c85ec3a87c2c55- html
https://wenku.baidu.com/view/d97ae617cd22bcd126fff705cc17552706225e79?fr=ViewCollect
https://wenku.baidu.com/view/80efbb21250c844769eae009581b6bd97e19bc2c?fr=ViewCollect
https://wenku.baidu.com/view/53e3b4bbf8c75fbfc67db250?fr=ViewCollect
https://wenku.baidu.com/view/29c2b1d850e2524de5187edb?fr=ViewCollect
https://wenku.baidu.com/view/be688e8fd15abe23492f4d3a?fr=ViewCollect
http://www.360doc.cn/mip/74495322- html

posted @ 2021-12-07 20:13  Randolph、  阅读(394)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报