Silverlight 下苹果(Mac OS)风格按钮的实现

在 Silverlight 2 beta 2 下,可以通过 Style 和 ControlTemplate 对控件的观感 (look and feel) 进行定制。并且在最新的 Expression Blend 2.5 June 2008 preview 版本中,可以用可视化的方式来进行设计(一些细微的地方仍然要代码调整),这样就方便多了。

本文介绍如何实现一个 Mac 风格的按钮。先看一下效果:

mac_button.jpg

左边一排是普通按钮,右边一排是 Mac 风格的按钮。其中获得焦点的按钮在视觉上用一圈虚线框表示。

因为 Button 控件开放了一个 Template 属性,我们要做的就是创建一个 Style. 比如叫做 MacButton,然后让按钮实例去套用这个 Style 即可:

<Button Style="{StaticResource MacButton}"/>


而 Style 本质上是用来设置属性值的,Template 也是一个特殊的属性,它是 CcontrolTemplate. 在 Xaml 语法中可以这样写:

   <Setter Property="Template">
    
<Setter.Value>
     
<ControlTemplate TargetType="Button">
        
     
</ControlTemplate>
   
</Setter.Value>
  
</Setter>


所有控件的真实内容都在上面的 "...." 中定义即可。

再介绍一点基础知识
==========================
控件契约 (Control Contract)

Silverlight 2 beta 2 内置的每一种控件都有其自身的契约,我们在为控件创建 Style 时必须符合此契约的要求才能生效。

一般包含3个方面:

1) 属性
2) 控件可能用到的 UIElement. (用 TemplatePartAttribute 标记)
3) VisualState 对象 (用 TemplateVisualState 在控件上标记)

这里 VisualState 很有意思,表示控件的状态。并且状态可以分组,同一个组内的状态可以互相迁移。
比如 Button 有两组状态:一组是“普通”、“鼠标悬停”、“按下”、“禁用”;而另一组是“获得焦点”、“失去焦点”。
两组状态可以同时生效,互不影响。

在 ControlTemplate 内,我们可以定义各个状态以及状态间迁移时的动画 (用一个 Storyboard 定义),以及状态之间迁移花费多少时间 (Duration) 等。

Button 控件的契约如下:

[TemplateVisualState(Name = "Normal", GroupName = "CommonStates")]
[TemplateVisualState(Name 
= "MouseOver", GroupName = "CommonStates")]
[TemplateVisualState(Name 
= "Pressed", GroupName = "CommonStates")]
[TemplateVisualState(Name 
= "Disabled", GroupName = "CommonStates")]
[TemplateVisualState(Name 
= "Unfocused", GroupName = "FocusStates")]
[TemplateVisualState(Name 
= "Focused", GroupName = "FocusStates")]
public class Button : Control
{
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty BackgroundProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty BorderBrushProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty BorderThicknessProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty ContentProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty ContentTemplateProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty FontFamilyProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty FontSizeProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty FontStretchProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty FontStyleProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty FontWeightProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty ForegroundProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty HorizontalContentAlignmentProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty PaddingProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty TextAlignmentProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty TextDecorationsProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty TextWrappingProperty;
    
public static readonly DependencyProperty VerticalContentAlignmentProperty;

    
public Brush Background { getset; }
    
public Brush BorderBrush { getset; }
    
public Thickness BorderThickness { getset; }
    
public object Content { getset; }
    
public DataTemplate ContentTemplate { getset; }
    
public FontFamily FontFamily { getset; }
    
public double FontSize { getset; }
    
public FontStretch FontStretch { getset; }
    
public FontStyle FontStyle { getset; }
    
public FontWeight FontWeight { getset; }
    
public Brush Foreground { getset; }
    
public HorizontalAlignment HorizontalContentAlignment { getset; }
    
public Thickness Padding { getset; }
    
public TextAlignment TextAlignment { getset; }
    
public TextDecorationCollection TextDecorations { getset; }
    
public TextWrapping TextWrapping { getset; }
    
public VerticalAlignment VerticalContentAlignment { getset; }
}


关于动画的更多知识参考 Silverlight 2 beta 2 文档。

简单说一下创建这个样式的步骤:

在 ExpressionBlend 2.5 中,首先我们往界面上拖一个 Button. 然后在右键菜单中:
create_style.jpg

选择 "Edit a Copy" 后,就会自动创建一个指定名称的 Style, 其内容是 Button 的默认模板。
因为模板内容非常繁琐,我们如果自己全部手写很困难,所以我们选择在默认模板的基础上修改。

后续的步骤,主要是在模板的控件树中删除掉不必要的内容,并且修改一些画刷等设置,重新定义动画等等。不再一一详述,具体请看代码。
另外这里我发现的一个特别需要注意的问题,就是 Button 默认生成的模板中,其 Unfocused 状态的动画必须删除掉才行:

         <vsm:VisualState x:Name="Unfocused">
          
<Storyboard>
             
<!-- 自动生成的模板下这里是有内容的,要删掉!-->
          
</Storyboard>
         
</vsm:VisualState>


否则,你会发现套用了该风格的所有按钮都无法失去焦点,页面上会出现若干个按钮同时为高亮状态的滑稽情景

下面是例子的全部代码:

<UserControl
    
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
    xmlns:x
="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
    xmlns:d
="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
    xmlns:mc
="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
    mc:Ignorable
="d"
    x:Class
="SilverlightApplication6.Page"
    d:DesignWidth
="640" d:DesignHeight="480" xmlns:vsm="clr-namespace:System.Windows;assembly=System.Windows">

    
<UserControl.Resources>
        
<vsm:Style x:Key="MacButton" TargetType="Button">
            
<vsm:Setter Property="IsEnabled" Value="true"/>
            
<vsm:Setter Property="IsTabStop" Value="true"/>
            
<vsm:Setter Property="Background" Value="#FF003255"/>
            
<vsm:Setter Property="Foreground" Value="#FF313131"/>
            
<vsm:Setter Property="MinWidth" Value="5"/>
            
<vsm:Setter Property="MinHeight" Value="5"/>
            
<vsm:Setter Property="Margin" Value="0"/>
            
<vsm:Setter Property="HorizontalContentAlignment" Value="Center"/>
            
<vsm:Setter Property="VerticalContentAlignment" Value="Center"/>
            
<vsm:Setter Property="Cursor" Value="Arrow"/>
            
<vsm:Setter Property="TextAlignment" Value="Left"/>
            
<vsm:Setter Property="TextWrapping" Value="NoWrap"/>
            
<vsm:Setter Property="FontSize" Value="11"/>
            
<vsm:Setter Property="Template">
                
<vsm:Setter.Value>
                    
<ControlTemplate TargetType="Button">
                        
<Grid>
                            
<Grid.Resources>
                                
<Color x:Key="LinearBevelLightStartColor">#FFFFFFFF</Color>
                                
<Color x:Key="LinearBevelLightEndColor">#F4E2E0E0</Color>
                                
<Color x:Key="LinearBevelDarkStartColor">#E0E5E5E5</Color>
                                
<Color x:Key="LinearBevelDarkEndColor">#B2FFFFFF</Color>
                                
<Color x:Key="MouseOverLinearBevelDarkEndColor">#7FFC1717</Color>
                                
<Color x:Key="HoverLinearBevelLightStartColor">#FCFFFFFF</Color>
                                
<Color x:Key="HoverLinearBevelLightEndColor">#EAFFFFFF</Color>
                                
<Color x:Key="HoverLinearBevelDarkStartColor">#D8FFFFFF</Color>
                                
<Color x:Key="HoverLinearBevelDarkEndColor">#4CFFFFFF</Color>
                                
<Color x:Key="CurvedBevelFillStartColor">#B3FFFFFF</Color>
                                
<Color x:Key="CurvedBevelFillEndColor">#3CFFFFFF</Color>
                                
<SolidColorBrush x:Key="BorderBrush" Color="#FF5E5E5E"/>
                                
<SolidColorBrush x:Key="AccentBrush" Color="#FF000000"/>
                                
<SolidColorBrush x:Key="DisabledBrush" Color="#A5FFFFFF"/>
                                
<LinearGradientBrush x:Key="FocusedStrokeBrush" EndPoint="0.5,1" StartPoint="0.5,0">
                                    
<GradientStop Color="#B2FFFFFF" Offset="0"/>
                                    
<GradientStop Color="#51FFFFFF" Offset="1"/>
                                    
<GradientStop Color="#66FFFFFF" Offset="0.325"/>
                                    
<GradientStop Color="#1EFFFFFF" Offset="0.325"/>
                                
</LinearGradientBrush>
                            
</Grid.Resources>
                            
<vsm:VisualStateManager.VisualStateGroups>
                                
<vsm:VisualStateGroup x:Name="CommonStates">
                                    
<vsm:VisualStateGroup.Transitions>
                                        
<vsm:VisualTransition Duration="00:00:00.2000000" To="MouseOver"/>
                                        
<vsm:VisualTransition Duration="0:0:0.1" To="Pressed"/>
                                        
<vsm:VisualTransition Duration="00:00:00.2000000" From="Normal" To="MouseOver"/>
                                    
</vsm:VisualStateGroup.Transitions>
                                    
<vsm:VisualState x:Name="Normal">
                                        
<Storyboard/>
                                    
</vsm:VisualState>
                                    
<vsm:VisualState x:Name="MouseOver">
                                        
<Storyboard>
                                            
<ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames 
                                                
Duration="0" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetName
="BackgroundGradient" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetProperty
="(Shape.Fill).(GradientBrush.GradientStops)[0].(GradientStop.Color)">
                                                
<SplineColorKeyFrame KeyTime="0" Value="#c8d5ed" />
                                            
</ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
                                            
<ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames 
                                                
Duration="0" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetName
="BackgroundGradient" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetProperty
="(Shape.Fill).(GradientBrush.GradientStops)[1].(GradientStop.Color)">
                                                
<SplineColorKeyFrame KeyTime="0" Value="#97c2ee" />
                                            
</ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
                                            
<ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames 
                                                
Duration="0" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetName
="BackgroundGradient" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetProperty
="(Shape.Fill).(GradientBrush.GradientStops)[2].(GradientStop.Color)">
                                                
<SplineColorKeyFrame KeyTime="0" Value="#6eadee" />
                                            
</ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
                                            
<ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames 
                                                
Duration="0" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetName
="BackgroundGradient" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetProperty
="(Shape.Fill).(GradientBrush.GradientStops)[3].(GradientStop.Color)">
                                                
<SplineColorKeyFrame KeyTime="0" Value="#aff9ff" />
                                            
</ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
                                        
</Storyboard>
                                    
</vsm:VisualState>
                                    
<vsm:VisualState x:Name="Pressed">
                                        
<Storyboard>
                                            
<DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames Duration="0" Storyboard.TargetName="BackgroundGradient" Storyboard.TargetProperty="(Shape.Fill).(GradientBrush.GradientStops)[1].(GradientStop.Offset)">
                                                
<SplineDoubleKeyFrame KeyTime="0" Value=".2"/>
                                            
</DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
                                            
<ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames 
                                                
Duration="0" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetName
="BackgroundGradient" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetProperty
="(Shape.Fill).(GradientBrush.GradientStops)[0].(GradientStop.Color)">
                                                
<SplineColorKeyFrame KeyTime="0" Value="#bac5e8" />
                                            
</ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
                                            
<ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames 
                                                
Duration="0" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetName
="BackgroundGradient" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetProperty
="(Shape.Fill).(GradientBrush.GradientStops)[1].(GradientStop.Color)">
                                                
<SplineColorKeyFrame KeyTime="0" Value="#7bb2e9" />
                                            
</ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
                                            
<ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames 
                                                
Duration="0" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetName
="BackgroundGradient" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetProperty
="(Shape.Fill).(GradientBrush.GradientStops)[2].(GradientStop.Color)">
                                                
<SplineColorKeyFrame KeyTime="0" Value="#4d9ae7" />
                                            
</ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
                                            
<ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames 
                                                
Duration="0" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetName
="BackgroundGradient" 
                                                Storyboard.TargetProperty
="(Shape.Fill).(GradientBrush.GradientStops)[3].(GradientStop.Color)">
                                                
<SplineColorKeyFrame KeyTime="0" Value="#85eaff" />
                                            
</ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
                                        
</Storyboard>
                                    
</vsm:VisualState>
                                    
<vsm:VisualState x:Name="Disabled">
                                        
<Storyboard>
                                            
<DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames Duration="0" Storyboard.TargetName="DisabledVisual" Storyboard.TargetProperty="Opacity">
                                                
<SplineDoubleKeyFrame KeyTime="0" Value="1"/>
                                            
</DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
                                        
</Storyboard>
                                    
</vsm:VisualState>
                                
</vsm:VisualStateGroup>
                                
<vsm:VisualStateGroup x:Name="FocusStates">
                                    
<vsm:VisualState x:Name="Focused">
                                        
<Storyboard>
                                            
<ObjectAnimationUsingKeyFrames Duration="0" Storyboard.TargetName="FocusVisual" Storyboard.TargetProperty="Visibility">
                                                
<DiscreteObjectKeyFrame KeyTime="0">
                                                    
<DiscreteObjectKeyFrame.Value>
                                                        
<vsm:Visibility>Visible</vsm:Visibility>
                                                    
</DiscreteObjectKeyFrame.Value>
                                                
</DiscreteObjectKeyFrame>
                                            
</ObjectAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
                                        
</Storyboard>
                                    
</vsm:VisualState>
                                    
<vsm:VisualState x:Name="Unfocused">
                                        
<Storyboard>
                                        
</Storyboard>
                                    
</vsm:VisualState>
                                
</vsm:VisualStateGroup>
                            
</vsm:VisualStateManager.VisualStateGroups>
                            
<Rectangle x:Name="Background" Fill="{TemplateBinding Background}" RadiusX="11" RadiusY="11"/>
                            
<Rectangle x:Name="BackgroundGradient" Stroke="{StaticResource BorderBrush}" StrokeThickness="1" RadiusX="11" RadiusY="11" Margin="-1,-1,-1,-1">
                                
<Rectangle.Fill>
                                    
<LinearGradientBrush EndPoint="0.7,1" StartPoint="0.7,0">
                                        
<GradientStop Color="{StaticResource LinearBevelLightStartColor}" Offset="0"/>
                                        
<GradientStop Color="{StaticResource LinearBevelLightEndColor}" Offset="0.326"/>
                                        
<GradientStop Color="{StaticResource LinearBevelDarkStartColor}" Offset="0.344"/>
                                        
<GradientStop Color="#FFFFFFFF" Offset="0.786"/>
                                    
</LinearGradientBrush>
                                
</Rectangle.Fill>
                            
</Rectangle>
                            
<Grid x:Name="FocusVisual" Visibility="Collapsed">
                                
<Rectangle Margin="-2,1,-2,-2" Stroke="{StaticResource AccentBrush}" StrokeThickness="1" StrokeDashArray="1.5 1.5" RadiusX="3" RadiusY="3" />
                            
</Grid>
                            
<ContentPresenter Margin="4,5,4,4" HorizontalContentAlignment="{TemplateBinding HorizontalContentAlignment}" Padding="{TemplateBinding Padding}" VerticalContentAlignment="{TemplateBinding VerticalContentAlignment}" Content="{TemplateBinding Content}" ContentTemplate="{TemplateBinding ContentTemplate}" TextAlignment="{TemplateBinding TextAlignment}" TextDecorations="{TemplateBinding TextDecorations}" TextWrapping="{TemplateBinding TextWrapping}"/>
                            
<Rectangle x:Name="DisabledVisual" IsHitTestVisible="false" Opacity="0" Fill="{StaticResource DisabledBrush}" RadiusX="4" RadiusY="4"/>
                        
</Grid>
                    
</ControlTemplate>
                
</vsm:Setter.Value>
            
</vsm:Setter>
        
</vsm:Style>
    
</UserControl.Resources>

    
<Canvas x:Name="LayoutRoot" Background="White">
        
<Button x:Name="Button1" TabIndex="0" Height="23" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="0,0,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="63" Content="Button1" Canvas.Top="30" Canvas.Left="44"/>
        
<Button x:Name="Button2" TabIndex="1" Height="37" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="0,0,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="120" Content="Button2" Canvas.Top="68.5" Canvas.Left="43"/>
        
<Button x:Name="Button3" TabIndex="2" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="0,0,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Content="Button3" Width="195" Height="65" Canvas.Top="122" Canvas.Left="43"/>
        
<Button x:Name="Button4" TabIndex="3" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="0,0,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Stretch" Content="Button4" IsEnabled="False" Width="195" Canvas.Top="209" Canvas.Left="43" Height="65"/>
        
<Button x:Name="Button5" TabIndex="4" Height="23" HorizontalAlignment="Right" Margin="0,0,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Content="Button1" Width="63" Canvas.Top="30" Canvas.Left="269" Style="{StaticResource MacButton}"/>
        
<Button x:Name="Button6" TabIndex="5" Height="37" HorizontalAlignment="Right" Margin="0,0,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Content="Button2" Width="120" Canvas.Top="68.5" Canvas.Left="269" Style="{StaticResource MacButton}"/>
        
<Button x:Name="Button7" TabIndex="6"  HorizontalAlignment="Stretch" Margin="0,0,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Content="Button3" Height="65" Canvas.Top="122" Canvas.Left="269" Width="195" Style="{StaticResource MacButton}"/>
        
<Button x:Name="Button8" TabIndex="7" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch" Margin="0,0,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Stretch" Content="Button4" IsEnabled="False" Canvas.Top="209" Canvas.Left="269" Width="195" Height="65" Style="{StaticResource MacButton}"/>
    
</Canvas>
</UserControl>



关于 Expression Blend 的使用教程,这里有几个参考:

http://blog.joycode.com/scottgu/archive/2008/06/09/115138.aspx
http://timheuer.com/blog/archive/2008/06/04/skinning-silverlight-controls-made-easier.aspx
http://timheuer.com/blog/archive/2008/06/04/silverlight-introduces-visual-state-manager-vsm.aspx

posted on 2008-07-11 22:02  NeilChen  阅读(7000)  评论(8编辑  收藏  举报

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