一、引言

  为了实现虚拟内存管理机制,操作系统对内存实行分页管理。自内存“分页机制”提出之始,内存页面的默认大小便被设置为 4096 字节(4KB),虽然原则上内存页面大小是可配置的,但绝大多数的操作系统实现中仍然采用默认的 4KB 页面。当某些应用的需要使用的内存达到几G、甚至几十G的时候,4KB的内存页面将严重制约程序的性能。

  CPU缓存中有一组缓存专门用于缓存TLB,但其大小是有限的。当采用的默认页面大小为 4KB,其产生的TLB较大,因而将会产生较多 TLB Miss 和缺页中断,从而大大影响应用程序的性能。操作系统以 2MB 甚至更大作为分页的单位时,将会大大减少 TLB Miss 和缺页中断的数量,显著提高应用程序的性能。这也正是 Linux 内核引入大页面支持的直接原因。好处是很明显的,假设应用程序需要 2MB 的内存,如果操作系统以 4KB 作为分页的单位,则需要 512 个页面,进而在 TLB 中需要 512 个表项,同时也需要 512 个页表项,操作系统需要经历至少 512 次 TLB Miss 和 512 次缺页中断才能将 2MB 应用程序空间全部映射到物理内存;然而,当操作系统采用 2MB 作为分页的基本单位时,只需要一次 TLB Miss 和一次缺页中断,就可以为 2MB 的应用程序空间建立虚实映射,并在运行过程中无需再经历 TLB Miss 和缺页中断(假设未发生 TLB 项替换和 Swap)。

  为了能以最小的代价实现大页面支持,Linux 操作系统采用了基于 hugetlbfs 特殊文件系统 2M 字节大页面支持。这种采用特殊文件系统形式支持大页面的方式,使得应用程序可以根据需要灵活地选择虚存页面大小,而不会被强制使用 2MB 大页面。

二、HugePage的使用

  本文的例子摘自 Linux 内核源码中提供的有关说明文档 (Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt) 。使用 hugetlbfs 之前,首先需要在编译内核 (make menuconfig) 时配置CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGECONFIG_HUGETLBFS选项,这两个选项均可在 File systems 内核配置菜单中找到。

  内核编译完成并成功启动内核之后,将 hugetlbfs 特殊文件系统挂载到根文件系统的某个目录上去,以使得 hugetlbfs 可以访问。命令如下:

  mount none /mnt/huge -t hugetlbfs

  此后,只要是在 /mnt/huge/ 目录下创建的文件,将其映射到内存中时都会使用 2MB 作为分页的基本单位。值得一提的是,hugetlbfs 中的文件是不支持读 / 写系统调用 ( 如read()write()等 ) 的,一般对它的访问都是以内存映射的形式进行的。为了更好地介绍大页面的应用,接下来将给出一个大页面应用的例子,该例子同样也是摘自于上述提到的内核文档,只是略有简化。

 1 清单 1. Linux 大页面应用示例
 2  #include <fcntl.h> 
 3  #include <sys/mman.h> 
 4  #include <errno.h> 
 5 
 6  #define MAP_LENGTH      (10*1024*1024) 
 7 
 8  int main() 
 9  { 
10     int fd; 
11     void * addr; 
12 
13     /* create a file in hugetlb fs */ 
14     fd = open("/mnt/huge/test", O_CREAT | O_RDWR); 
15     if(fd < 0){ 
16         perror("Err: "); 
17         return -1; 
18     }   
19 
20     /* map the file into address space of current application process */ 
21     addr = mmap(0, MAP_LENGTH, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0); 
22     if(addr == MAP_FAILED){ 
23         perror("Err: "); 
24         close(fd); 
25         unlink("/mnt/huge/test"); 
26         return -1; 
27     }   
28 
29     /* from now on, you can store application data on huage pages via addr */ 
30 
31     munmap(addr, MAP_LENGTH); 
32     close(fd); 
33     unlink("/mnt/huge/test"); 
34     return 0; 
35  }
 

  对于系统中大页面的统计信息可以在 Proc 特殊文件系统(/proc)中查到,如/proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages给出了当前内核中配置的大页面的数目,也可以通过该文件配置大页面的数目,如:

  echo 20 > /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages

三、Hugetlbfs的初始化(基于Linux-3.4.51)

1、hugetlb的初始化

  hugetlb初始化是通过hugetlb_init()函数实现的,主要是初始化hstates[MAX_NUMNODES]全局数组以及创建sysfs相关目录文件。 

 1 static int __init hugetlb_init(void)
 2 {
 3     /* Some platform decide whether they support huge pages at boot
 4      * time. On these, such as powerpc, HPAGE_SHIFT is set to 0 when
 5      * there is no such support
 6      */
 7     if (HPAGE_SHIFT == 0)
 8         return 0;
 9 
10     if (!size_to_hstate(default_hstate_size)) {
11         default_hstate_size = HPAGE_SIZE;  /*默认大小为2M*/
12         if (!size_to_hstate(default_hstate_size))
13        /* 初始化hstates[MAX_NUMNODES]数组,数组中只有一个成员;
14         * HUGETLB_PAGE_ORDER = 9,即,h->order = 9;
15         */
16        hugetlb_add_hstate(HUGETLB_PAGE_ORDER);
17     }
18    /*由于hstates[]只有一个成员,default_hstate_idx = 0*/
19     default_hstate_idx = size_to_hstate(default_hstate_size) - hstates;
20    /*默认最大页数为0*/
21     if (default_hstate_max_huge_pages)
22         default_hstate.max_huge_pages = default_hstate_max_huge_pages;
23 
24   /*由于最大页数为0,没有为hstate[]分配任何页*/
25   hugetlb_init_hstates();
26   /*这个函数不知道干啥???*/
27   gather_bootmem_prealloc();
28   /*打印初始化后的相关信息*/
29   report_hugepages();
30   /*初始化/sys/kernel/mm/hugepages相关目录文件*/
31   hugetlb_sysfs_init();
32   /*初始化/sys/device/system/node/node*/hugepages相关目录文件*/
33   hugetlb_register_all_nodes();
34   return 0;
35 }
36 module_init(hugetlb_init);

 

另外,hugepage的默认大小也可以通过配置内核启动参数“default_hugepagesz”指定,例如:default_hugepagesz=4M,指定default_hstate_size的大小为4M,其内核实现如下:
  
1 static int __init hugetlb_default_setup(char *s)
2 {
3     default_hstate_size = memparse(s, &s);
4     return 1;
5 }
6 __setup("default_hugepagesz=", hugetlb_default_setup);
hugepage的大页是通过将N个连续的4k页作为一个混合页来实现大页面的。

hugepage的页数也可以通过内核启动参数“hugepages”指定。例如:hugepages=1024,其内核实现如下:
 1 static int __init hugetlb_nrpages_setup(char *s)
 2 {
 3     unsigned long *mhp;
 4     static unsigned long *last_mhp;
 5     /*
 6      * !max_hstate means we haven't parsed a hugepagesz= parameter yet,
 7      * so this hugepages= parameter goes to the "default hstate".
 8      */
 9     if (!max_hstate)
10         mhp = &default_hstate_max_huge_pages;
11     else
12         mhp = &parsed_hstate->max_huge_pages;
13     if (mhp == last_mhp) {
14         printk(KERN_WARNING "hugepages= specified twice without "
15             "interleaving hugepagesz=, ignoring\n");
16         return 1;
17     }
18     if (sscanf(s, "%lu", mhp) <= 0)
19         *mhp = 0;
20     /*
21      * Global state is always initialized later in hugetlb_init.
22      * But we need to allocate >= MAX_ORDER hstates here early to still
23      * use the bootmem allocator.
24      */
25    /* parsed_hstate->order = 9, MAX_ORDER = 11, 不会调用hugetlb_hstate_alloc_pages();
26     * 通过内核启动参数配置页面数,什么时候分配具体的内存页???
27     */
28     if (max_hstate && parsed_hstate->order >= MAX_ORDER)
29         hugetlb_hstate_alloc_pages(parsed_hstate);
30     last_mhp = mhp;
31     return 1;
32 }
33 __setup("hugepages=", hugetlb_nrpages_setup);

hugepage的页数也可以通过命令配置,echo 20 > /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages,此时,是通过系统调用实现的。内核实现如下:

1 int hugetlb_sysctl_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
2               void __user *buffer, size_t *length, loff_t *ppos)
3 {
4     return hugetlb_sysctl_handler_common(false, table, write,
5                             buffer, length, ppos);
6 }

 1 static int hugetlb_sysctl_handler_common(bool obey_mempolicy,
 2              struct ctl_table *table, int write,
 3              void __user *buffer, size_t *length, loff_t *ppos)
 4 {
 5     struct hstate *h = &default_hstate;
 6     unsigned long tmp;
 7     int ret;
 8     tmp = h->max_huge_pages;
 9     if (write && h->order >= MAX_ORDER)
10         return -EINVAL;
11     table->data = &tmp;
12     table->maxlen = sizeof(unsigned long);
13   /*从用户空间将数值copy赋值给tabel->data,即tmp,并做相关检查*/
14     ret = proc_doulongvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, length, ppos);
15     if (ret)
16         goto out;
17     if (write) {        
18           NODEMASK_ALLOC(nodemask_t, nodes_allowed, GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_NORETRY);
19         if (!(obey_mempolicy &&
20                    init_nodemask_of_mempolicy(nodes_allowed))) {
21             NODEMASK_FREE(nodes_allowed);
22             nodes_allowed = &node_states[N_HIGH_MEMORY];
23         }
24      /*设置最大页数,并分配具体内存页*/
25         h->max_huge_pages = set_max_huge_pages(h, tmp, nodes_allowed);
26         if (nodes_allowed != &node_states[N_HIGH_MEMORY])
27             NODEMASK_FREE(nodes_allowed);
28     }
29 out:
30     return ret;
31 }

 1 static unsigned long set_max_huge_pages(struct hstate *h, unsigned long count,
 2                         nodemask_t *nodes_allowed)
 3 {
 4     unsigned long min_count, ret;
 5     if (h->order >= MAX_ORDER)
 6         return h->max_huge_pages;
 7     /*
 8      * Increase the pool size
 9      * First take pages out of surplus state.  Then make up the
10      * remaining difference by allocating fresh huge pages.
11      *
12      * We might race with alloc_buddy_huge_page() here and be unable
13      * to convert a surplus huge page to a normal huge page. That is
14      * not critical, though, it just means the overall size of the
15      * pool might be one hugepage larger than it needs to be, but
16      * within all the constraints specified by the sysctls.
17      */
18     spin_lock(&hugetlb_lock);
19     while (h->surplus_huge_pages && count > persistent_huge_pages(h)) {
20         if (!adjust_pool_surplus(h, nodes_allowed, -1))
21             break;
22     }
23     while (count > persistent_huge_pages(h)) {
24         /*
25          * If this allocation races such that we no longer need the
26          * page, free_huge_page will handle it by freeing the page
27          * and reducing the surplus.
28          */
29         spin_unlock(&hugetlb_lock);
30      /*分配内存页*/
31         ret = alloc_fresh_huge_page(h, nodes_allowed);
32         spin_lock(&hugetlb_lock);
33         if (!ret)
34             goto out;
35         /* Bail for signals. Probably ctrl-c from user */
36         if (signal_pending(current))
37             goto out;
38     }
39     /*
40      * Decrease the pool size
41      * First return free pages to the buddy allocator (being careful
42      * to keep enough around to satisfy reservations).  Then place
43      * pages into surplus state as needed so the pool will shrink
44      * to the desired size as pages become free.
45      *
46      * By placing pages into the surplus state independent of the
47      * overcommit value, we are allowing the surplus pool size to
48      * exceed overcommit. There are few sane options here. Since
49      * alloc_buddy_huge_page() is checking the global counter,
50      * though, we'll note that we're not allowed to exceed surplus
51      * and won't grow the pool anywhere else. Not until one of the
52      * sysctls are changed, or the surplus pages go out of use.
53      */
54     min_count = h->resv_huge_pages + h->nr_huge_pages - h->free_huge_pages;
55     min_count = max(count, min_count);
56     try_to_free_low(h, min_count, nodes_allowed);
57     while (min_count < persistent_huge_pages(h)) {
58         if (!free_pool_huge_page(h, nodes_allowed, 0))
59             break;
60     }
61     while (count < persistent_huge_pages(h)) {
62         if (!adjust_pool_surplus(h, nodes_allowed, 1))
63             break;
64     }
65 out:
66     ret = persistent_huge_pages(h);
67     spin_unlock(&hugetlb_lock);
68     return ret;
69 }

 

 1 static int alloc_fresh_huge_page(struct hstate *h, nodemask_t *nodes_allowed)
 2 {
 3     struct page *page;
 4     int start_nid;
 5     int next_nid;
 6     int ret = 0;
 7     start_nid = hstate_next_node_to_alloc(h, nodes_allowed);
 8     next_nid = start_nid;
 9     do {
10      /* 从内存Node的zonelist上分配2^h->order个4K的内存页,返回第一个page的地址;
11       * 如果分配不成功,从下一个内存Node上尝试;
12       */
13         page = alloc_fresh_huge_page_node(h, next_nid);
14         if (page) {
15             ret = 1;
16             break;
17         }
18         next_nid = hstate_next_node_to_alloc(h, nodes_allowed);
19     } while (next_nid != start_nid);
20     if (ret)
21         count_vm_event(HTLB_BUDDY_PGALLOC);
22     else
23         count_vm_event(HTLB_BUDDY_PGALLOC_FAIL);
24     return ret;
25 }

 

 1 static struct page *alloc_fresh_huge_page_node(struct hstate *h, int nid)
 2 {
 3     struct page *page;
 4     if (h->order >= MAX_ORDER)
 5         return NULL;
 6     /*__GFP_COMP标志:分配2^h->order个连续的4K大小的page,返回第一个Page的地址,并设置PG_compound标记*/
 7    page = alloc_pages_exact_node(nid,
 8    htlb_alloc_mask|__GFP_COMP|__GFP_THISNODE|
 9                         __GFP_REPEAT|__GFP_NOWARN,
10    huge_page_order(h));
11     if (page) {
12         if (arch_prepare_hugepage(page)) {
13             __free_pages(page, huge_page_order(h));
14             return NULL;
15         }
16      /* 1、将已分配的2^h->order个数的page中的第二个page的lru.next执行函数free_huge_page();
17       * 2、在put_page()函数中,最后调用free_huge_page()-->enqueue_huge_page(),将page加入到h->hugepages_freelists[nid]链表;
18       */
19         prep_new_huge_page(h, page, nid);
20     }
21     return page;
22 }

 

2、hugetlbfs的初始化

 hugetlbfs的创建,主要是建立VFS层的super_block、dentry、inode之间的相关映射,同时也和hugetlb_init()函数中初始化的hstates[]数组关联起来了,也就和分配的大内存页关联起来了。如下图(有点乱):

 1 static int __init init_hugetlbfs_fs(void)
 2 {
 3     int error;
 4     struct vfsmount *vfsmount;
 5 
 6     /*初始化hugetlbfs回写数据结构*/
 7     error = bdi_init(&hugetlbfs_backing_dev_info);
 8     if (error)
 9         return error;
10 
11     error = -ENOMEM;
12     /*创建slab缓存hugetlbfs_inode_cachep,后续hugetlbfs的inode从这里面分配*/
13     hugetlbfs_inode_cachep = kmem_cache_create("hugetlbfs_inode_cache",
14                     sizeof(struct hugetlbfs_inode_info),
15                     0, 0, init_once);
16     if (hugetlbfs_inode_cachep == NULL)
17         goto out2;
18 
19     /*将hugetlbfs_fs_type加入到全局file_systems链表中*/
20     error = register_filesystem(&hugetlbfs_fs_type);
21     if (error)
22         goto out;
23 
24     /* 创建hugetlbfs的super_block、entry、inode,并建立它们之间的相互映射,
25    * 以及它们与hugetlbfs_fs_type、default_hstate、hugetlbfs_inode_cachep之间的映射关系
26    */
27     vfsmount = kern_mount(&hugetlbfs_fs_type);
28 
29     if (!IS_ERR(vfsmount)) {
30         hugetlbfs_vfsmount = vfsmount;
31         return 0;
32     }
33 
34     error = PTR_ERR(vfsmount);
35 
36  out:
37     kmem_cache_destroy(hugetlbfs_inode_cachep);
38  out2:
39     bdi_destroy(&hugetlbfs_backing_dev_info);
40     return error;
41 }
42     

 

有不足或错误之处,欢迎指出。

 

参考:

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-hugetlb/

 posted on 2014-10-30 11:10  MerlinJ  阅读(5701)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报