Docker学习之路03：Docker的常用命令
Docker学习之路03：Docker的常用命令
Docker学习路线传送门：
Docker学习之路01：Docker的安装
Docker学习之路02：阿里云镜像加速器
Docker学习之路03：Docker的常用命令
Docker学习之路04：创建定制Nginx镜像
一、帮助命令
docker version # 显示docker的版本信息
docker info # 显示docker的系统版本，包括镜像和容器的数量
docker 命令 --help # 帮助命令
Docker官方帮助文档地址：https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/
二、镜像命令
docker images 查看所有本地的主机上的镜像
[root@master /]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
hello-world latest bf756fb1ae65 14 months ago 13.3kB
# 解释
REPOSITORY 镜像的仓库源
TAG 镜像的标签
IMAGE ID 镜像的ID
CREATED 镜像的创建时间
SIZE 镜像的大小
# 可选项
-a, --all # 列出所有的镜像
-q, --quiet # 只显示镜像的ID
docker search搜索镜像
[root@master /]# docker search mysql
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
mysql MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation… 10612 [OK]
mariadb MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou… 3979 [OK]
# 可选项 通过搜藏来过滤
--filter=STARS=3000
[root@master /]# docker search mysql --filter=STARS=3000
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
mysql MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation… 10612 [OK]
mariadb MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou… 3979 [OK]
[root@master /]# docker search mysql --filter=STARS=5000
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
mysql MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation… 10612 [OK]
docker pull 下载镜像
# 下载镜像 docker pull 镜像名[:tag]
[root@master /]# docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest # 如果不写 tag，默认就是 lastest
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
a076a628af6f: Pull complete #分层下载，docker image的核心 联合文件系统
f6c208f3f991: Pull complete
88a9455a9165: Pull complete
406c9b8427c6: Pull complete
7c88599c0b25: Pull complete
25b5c6debdaf: Pull complete
43a5816f1617: Pull complete
1a8c919e89bf: Pull complete
9f3cf4bd1a07: Pull complete
80539cea118d: Pull complete
201b3cad54ce: Pull complete
944ba37e1c06: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:feada149cb8ff54eade1336da7c1d080c4a1c7ed82b5e320efb5beebed85ae8c
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
docker.io/library/mysql:latest #真实地址
# 等价于它
docker pull mysql
docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:latest
# 指定版本下载
[root@master /]# docker pull mysql:5.7
5.7: Pulling from library/mysql
a076a628af6f: Already exists
f6c208f3f991: Already exists
88a9455a9165: Already exists
406c9b8427c6: Already exists
7c88599c0b25: Already exists
25b5c6debdaf: Already exists
43a5816f1617: Already exists
1831ac1245f4: Pull complete
37677b8c1f79: Pull complete
27e4ac3b0f6e: Pull complete
7227baa8c445: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:b3d1eff023f698cd433695c9506171f0d08a8f92a0c8063c1a4d9db9a55808df
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7
docker rmi 删除镜像
[root@master /]# docker rmi -f 容器ID #删除一个镜像
[root@master /]# docker rmi -f 容器ID 容器ID 容器ID #删除多个镜像
[root@master /]# docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq) #删除所有镜像
三、容器命令
说明：我们有了镜像才可以创建容器，我们都学了linux，所以我们下载一个centos镜像来测试学习。
[root@master /]# docker pull centos
新建容器并启动
docker run [可选参数] image
# 参数说明
--name="Name" 容器名字 tomcat01 tomcat02，用来区分容器
-d 后台方式运行
-it 使用交互方式运行，进入容器查看内容
-p
-p ip:主机端口：容器端口
-p 主机端口：容器端口 （常用）
-p 容器端口
-P 随机指定端口
# 测试、启动并进入容器
[root@master /]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@475a614ebdad /]# ls
bin etc lib lost+found mnt proc run srv tmp var
dev home lib64 media opt root sbin sys usr
# 从容器中退回主机
[root@475a614ebdad /]# exit
exit
[root@master /]# ls
bin dev home lib64 mnt proc run srv tmp var
boot etc lib media opt root sbin sys usr
列出所有运行的容器
# docker ps 命令
# 列出当期正在运行的容器
-a # 列出当前正在运行的容器+带出历史运行过的容器
-n=[数字参数] # 显示最近创建的容器
-q # 只显示容器的编号
[root@master /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
[root@master /]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
475a614ebdad centos "/bin/bash" 5 minutes ago Exited (0) 4 minutes ago unruffled_spence
8681d760a302 hello-world "/hello" 14 minutes ago Exited (0) 13 minutes ago strange_carver
9eed05d63c0c hello-world "/hello" 58 minutes ago Exited (0) 58 minutes ago sharp_kapitsa
fd0aa343c2f7 hello-world "/hello" 2 weeks ago Exited (0) 2 weeks ago pedantic_babbage
[root@master /]# docker ps -n=1
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
475a614ebdad centos "/bin/bash" 5 minutes ago Exited (0) 4 minutes ago unruffled_spence
退出容器
exit # 容器直接停止并退出
Ctrl + P + Q #容器不停止退出
删除容器
docker rm 容器id # 删除指定的容器，不能删除正在运行的容器，如果要强制删除 rm -f
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq) # 删除所有的容器
docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm # 删除所有的容器
启动和停止容器的操作
docker start 容器id # 启动容器
docker restart 容器id # 重启容器
docker stop 容器id # 停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill 容器id # 强制停止当前的容器
四、常用其他命令
后台启动容器
# 命令 docker run -d 镜像名
[root@master /]# docker run -d centos
# 问题docker ps ，发现 centos 停止了
# 常见的坑，docker 容器使用后台运行，就必须要有一个前台进程，docker发现没有应用，就会自动停止
# nginx，容器启动后，发现自己没有提供服务，就会立刻停止，就是没有程序了
查看日志
docker logs -f -t --tail 容器
# 自己编写一段shell脚本
[root@master /]# docker run -d centos /bin/bash -c "while true;do echo JohnZhuang;sleep 1;done"
a25fce1505e3e32c645f7990d0805fa6dff4a73d3cf8bff2f77fb78242b6a544
# 查看镜像
[root@master /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
a25fce1505e3 centos "/bin/bash -c 'while…" 6 seconds ago Up 5 seconds adoring_brahmagupta
# 显示日志
-tf # 查看日志
--tail [数字参数] # 要显示日志的条数
[root@master /]# docker logs -f -t --tail 10 a25fce1505e3
2021-03-15T14:31:33.070462470Z JohnZhuang
2021-03-15T14:31:34.079385974Z JohnZhuang
查看容器中进程信息
[root@master /]# docker top a25fce1505e3
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 5990 5970 0 22:31 ? 00:00:00 /bin/bash -c while true;do echo JohnZhuang;sleep 1;done
root 6450 5990 0 22:36 ? 00:00:00 /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1
查看镜像的元数据
# 命令
[root@master /]# docker inspect a25fce1505e3
# 源数据
[
{
"Id": "a25fce1505e3e32c645f7990d0805fa6dff4a73d3cf8bff2f77fb78242b6a544",
"Created": "2021-03-15T14:31:03.029169298Z",
"Path": "/bin/bash",
"Args": [
"-c",
"while true;do echo JohnZhuang;sleep 1;done"
],
"State": {
"Status": "running",
"Running": true,
"Paused": false,
"Restarting": false,
"OOMKilled": false,
"Dead": false,
"Pid": 5990,
"ExitCode": 0,
"Error": "",
"StartedAt": "2021-03-15T14:31:03.88679139Z",
"FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
},
"Image": "sha256:300e315adb2f96afe5f0b2780b87f28ae95231fe3bdd1e16b9ba606307728f55",
"ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/a25fce1505e3e32c645f7990d0805fa6dff4a73d3cf8bff2f77fb78242b6a544/resolv.conf",
"HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/a25fce1505e3e32c645f7990d0805fa6dff4a73d3cf8bff2f77fb78242b6a544/hostname",
"HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/a25fce1505e3e32c645f7990d0805fa6dff4a73d3cf8bff2f77fb78242b6a544/hosts",
"LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/a25fce1505e3e32c645f7990d0805fa6dff4a73d3cf8bff2f77fb78242b6a544/a25fce1505e3e32c645f7990d0805fa6dff4a73d3cf8bff2f77fb78242b6a544-json.log",
"Name": "/adoring_brahmagupta",
"RestartCount": 0,
"Driver": "overlay2",
"Platform": "linux",
"MountLabel": "",
"ProcessLabel": "",
"AppArmorProfile": "",
"ExecIDs": null,
"HostConfig": {
"Binds": null,
"ContainerIDFile": "",
"LogConfig": {
"Type": "json-file",
"Config": {}
},
"NetworkMode": "default",
"PortBindings": {},
"RestartPolicy": {
"Name": "no",
"MaximumRetryCount": 0
},
"AutoRemove": false,
"VolumeDriver": "",
"VolumesFrom": null,
"CapAdd": null,
"CapDrop": null,
"CgroupnsMode": "host",
"Dns": [],
"DnsOptions": [],
"DnsSearch": [],
"ExtraHosts": null,
"GroupAdd": null,
"IpcMode": "private",
"Cgroup": "",
"Links": null,
"OomScoreAdj": 0,
"PidMode": "",
"Privileged": false,
"PublishAllPorts": false,
"ReadonlyRootfs": false,
"SecurityOpt": null,
"UTSMode": "",
"UsernsMode": "",
"ShmSize": 67108864,
"Runtime": "runc",
"ConsoleSize": [
0,
0
],
"Isolation": "",
"CpuShares": 0,
"Memory": 0,
"NanoCpus": 0,
"CgroupParent": "",
"BlkioWeight": 0,
"BlkioWeightDevice": [],
"BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
"CpuPeriod": 0,
"CpuQuota": 0,
"CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
"CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
"CpusetCpus": "",
"CpusetMems": "",
"Devices": [],
"DeviceCgroupRules": null,
"DeviceRequests": null,
"KernelMemory": 0,
"KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
"MemoryReservation": 0,
"MemorySwap": 0,
"MemorySwappiness": null,
"OomKillDisable": false,
"PidsLimit": null,
"Ulimits": null,
"CpuCount": 0,
"CpuPercent": 0,
"IOMaximumIOps": 0,
"IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
"MaskedPaths": [
"/proc/asound",
"/proc/acpi",
"/proc/kcore",
"/proc/keys",
"/proc/latency_stats",
"/proc/timer_list",
"/proc/timer_stats",
"/proc/sched_debug",
"/proc/scsi",
"/sys/firmware"
],
"ReadonlyPaths": [
"/proc/bus",
"/proc/fs",
"/proc/irq",
"/proc/sys",
"/proc/sysrq-trigger"
]
},
"GraphDriver": {
"Data": {
"LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/45c3e7c41cd44f999509d27cb341f05debcbc8a9cdf7cc3762e292a53128722e-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/44cf8087b90a18420579a6b0118abf4fda2332c1eaaaf48d962074c6b8b1e7fa/diff",
"MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/45c3e7c41cd44f999509d27cb341f05debcbc8a9cdf7cc3762e292a53128722e/merged",
"UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/45c3e7c41cd44f999509d27cb341f05debcbc8a9cdf7cc3762e292a53128722e/diff",
"WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/45c3e7c41cd44f999509d27cb341f05debcbc8a9cdf7cc3762e292a53128722e/work"
},
"Name": "overlay2"
},
"Mounts": [],
"Config": {
"Hostname": "a25fce1505e3",
"Domainname": "",
"User": "",
"AttachStdin": false,
"AttachStdout": false,
"AttachStderr": false,
"Tty": false,
"OpenStdin": false,
"StdinOnce": false,
"Env": [
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
],
"Cmd": [
"/bin/bash",
"-c",
"while true;do echo JohnZhuang;sleep 1;done"
],
"Image": "centos",
"Volumes": null,
"WorkingDir": "",
"Entrypoint": null,
"OnBuild": null,
"Labels": {
"org.label-schema.build-date": "20201204",
"org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
"org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
"org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
"org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
}
},
"NetworkSettings": {
"Bridge": "",
"SandboxID": "81c358d04f75d045b054ab03c144314b341a2e12818e5e6644997fb50af6bcb1",
"HairpinMode": false,
"LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
"LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"Ports": {},
"SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/81c358d04f75",
"SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
"SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
"EndpointID": "4768230f6f1523d9bb03e5257af2975015484cb6dad66451bb5193e782357a28",
"Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
"IPPrefixLen": 16,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
"Networks": {
"bridge": {
"IPAMConfig": null,
"Links": null,
"Aliases": null,
"NetworkID": "ac6f6f4da9fdd66fc0516b02f94fa8954c9b4726e38f1503c27ab3ccc23de710",
"EndpointID": "4768230f6f1523d9bb03e5257af2975015484cb6dad66451bb5193e782357a28",
"Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
"IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
"IPPrefixLen": 16,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
"DriverOpts": null
}
}
}
}
]
进入当前正在运行的容器
# 我们的容器通常都是使用后台方式运行的，需要进入容器，修改一些配置
# 方式一
[root@master ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
a25fce1505e3 centos "/bin/bash -c 'while…" 49 minutes ago Up 49 minutes adoring_brahmagupta
[root@master ~]# docker exec -it a25fce1505e3 /bin/bash
[root@a25fce1505e3 /]# ls
bin etc lib lost+found mnt proc run srv tmp var
dev home lib64 media opt root sbin sys usr
[root@a25fce1505e3 /]# ps -ef
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1 0 0 14:31 ? 00:00:01 /bin/bash -c while true;do ec
root 2946 0 0 15:20 pts/0 00:00:00 /bin/bash
root 2974 1 0 15:20 ? 00:00:00 /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutil
root 2975 2946 0 15:20 pts/0 00:00:00 ps -ef
# 方式二
[root@master ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
a25fce1505e3 centos "/bin/bash -c 'while…" 54 minutes ago Up 54 minutes adoring_brahmagupta
[root@master ~]# docker attach a25fce1505e3
JohnZhuang
JohnZhuang
（正在执行的代码...)
# docker exec # 进入容器后开启一个新的终端，可以在里面操作（常用）
# dcoker attach # 进入容器正在执行的终端，不会启动新的进程
从容器内拷贝文件到主机
docker cp 容器id:容器内的路径 目的的主机路径
# 查看当前主机目录下
[root@master home]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@723192fe97a4 /]# cd /home/
[root@723192fe97a4 home]# ls
# 在容器内新建一个文件
[root@723192fe97a4 home]# touch test.java
[root@723192fe97a4 home]# exit
exit
[root@master home]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
[root@master home]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
723192fe97a4 centos "/bin/bash" 55 seconds ago Exited (0) 7 seconds ago intelligent_aryabhata
# 将这个文件拷贝到本机上
[root@master home]# docker cp 723192fe97a4:/home/test.java /home/
[root@master home]# ll
总用量 4
drwx------. 8 hadoop hadoop 214 5月 28 2020 hadoop
drwx------. 16 john john 4096 9月 28 20:40 john
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 3月 15 23:36 test.java
# 拷贝是一个手动过程，未来我们使用 -v 卷的技术，可以实现数据自动同步
五、小结
Docker 常见命令
attach Attach to a running container # 当前 shell 下 attach 连接指定运行镜像
build Build an image from a Dockerfile # 通过 Dockerfile 定制镜像
commit Create a new image from a container changes # 提交当前容器为新的镜像
cp Copy files/folders from the containers filesystem to the host path #从容器中拷贝指定文件或者目录到宿主机中
create Create a new container # 创建一个新的容器，同 run，但不启动容器
diff Inspect changes on a container's filesystem # 查看 docker 容器变化
events Get real time events from the server # 从 docker 服务获取容器实时事件
exec Run a command in an existing container # 在已存在的容器上运行命令
export Stream the contents of a container as a tar archive # 导出容器的内容流作为一个 tar 归档文件[对应 import ]
history Show the history of an image # 展示一个镜像形成历史
images List images # 列出系统当前镜像
import Create a new filesystem image from the contents of a tarball # 从tar包中的内容创建一个新的文件系统映像[对应export]
info Display system-wide information # 显示系统相关信息
inspect Return low-level information on a container # 查看容器详细信息
kill Kill a running container # kill 指定 docker 容器
load Load an image from a tar archive # 从一个 tar 包中加载一个镜像[对应 save]
login Register or Login to the docker registry server # 注册或者登陆一个 docker 源服务器
logout Log out from a Docker registry server # 从当前 Docker registry 退出
logs Fetch the logs of a container # 输出当前容器日志信息
port Lookup the public-facing port which is NAT-ed to PRIVATE_PORT # 查看映射端口对应的容器内部源端口
pause Pause all processes within a container # 暂停容器
ps List containers # 列出容器列表
pull Pull an image or a repository from the docker registry server # 从docker镜像源服务器拉取指定镜像或者库镜像
push Push an image or a repository to the docker registry server # 推送指定镜像或者库镜像至docker源服务器
restart Restart a running container # 重启运行的容器
rm Remove one or more containers # 移除一个或者多个容器
rmi Remove one or more images # 移除一个或多个镜像[无容器使用该镜像才可删除，否则需删除相关容器才可继续或 -f 强制删除]
run Run a command in a new container # 创建一个新的容器并运行一个命令
save Save an image to a tar archive # 保存一个镜像为一个 tar 包[对应 load]
search Search for an image on the Docker Hub # 在 docker hub 中搜索镜像
start Start a stopped containers # 启动容器
stop Stop a running containers # 停止容器
tag Tag an image into a repository # 给源中镜像打标签
top Lookup the running processes of a container # 查看容器中运行的进程信息
unpause Unpause a paused container # 取消暂停容器
version Show the docker version information # 查看 docker 版本号
wait Block until a container stops, then print its exit code # 截取容器停止时的退出状态值
posted on 2021-03-16 00:03 JohnZhuang 阅读(274) 评论(0) 收藏 举报
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