基本算法

快排

void qsort(std::vector<int> &arr, int l, int r){
    if(l >= r) return;
    int i = l - 1, j = r + 1, mid = arr[l + r >> 1];
    while(i < j){
        do i ++; while(arr[i] < mid);
        do j --; while(arr[j] > mid);
        if(i < j)
            std::swap(arr[i], arr[j]);
    } 
    qsort(arr, l, j);
    qsort(arr, j + 1, r);
    /*
    qsort(arr, l, i - 1);
    qsort(arr, i, r); 防止越界
    */
}

归并

void merge_sort(int q[], int l, int r)
{
    if (l >= r) return;

    int mid = l + r >> 1;

    merge_sort(q, l, mid), merge_sort(q, mid + 1, r);

    int k = 0, i = l, j = mid + 1;
    while (i <= mid && j <= r)
        if (q[i] <= q[j]) tmp[k ++ ] = q[i ++ ];
        else tmp[k ++ ] = q[j ++ ];
    while (i <= mid) tmp[k ++ ] = q[i ++ ];
    while (j <= r) tmp[k ++ ] = q[j ++ ];

    for (i = l, j = 0; i <= r; i ++, j ++ ) q[i] = tmp[j];
}

二分

//std::lower_bound：返回指向第一个不小于（≥）目标值的元素的迭代器
//std::upper_bound：返回指向第一个大于（>）目标值的元素的迭代器
    
//当我们将区间 [l, r] 划分为 [l, mid] 和 [mid+1, r]
int bsearch_1(int l,int r)
{
    while(l < r)
    {
        mid = (l + r) >> 1;
        if(check(mid))  r = mid;
        else  l = mid+1;
    }
    return l;
}
//当我们将区间 [l, r] 划分成 [l, mid-1] 和 [mid, r] 时，其更新操作是 r = mid-1 或者 l = mid ，此时为了防止死循环，计算 mid 时需要加 1 

int bsearch_2(int l,int r)
{
    while(l < r)
    {
        mid = (l + r + 1) >> 1;
        if(check(mid))  r = mid-1;
        else l = mid;
    }
    return l;
}

高精度(a > 0, b > 0)

加

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

vector<int> add(vector<int> &A, vector<int> &B)
{
    if (A.size() < B.size()) return add(B, A);

    vector<int> C;
    int t = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < A.size(); i ++ )
    {
        t += A[i];
        if (i < B.size()) t += B[i];
        C.push_back(t % 10);
        t /= 10;
    }

    if (t) C.push_back(t);
    return C;
}

int main()
{
    string a, b;
    vector<int> A, B;
    cin >> a >> b;
    for (int i = a.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) A.push_back(a[i] - '0');
    for (int i = b.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) B.push_back(b[i] - '0');

    auto C = add(A, B);

    for (int i = C.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) cout << C[i];
    cout << endl;

    return 0;
}

减

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

bool cmp(vector<int> &A, vector<int> &B)
{
    if (A.size() != B.size()) return A.size() > B.size();

    for (int i = A.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- )
        if (A[i] != B[i])
            return A[i] > B[i];

    return true;
}

vector<int> sub(vector<int> &A, vector<int> &B)
{
    vector<int> C;
    for (int i = 0, t = 0; i < A.size(); i ++ )
    {
        t = A[i] - t;
        if (i < B.size()) t -= B[i];
        C.push_back((t + 10) % 10);
        if (t < 0) t = 1;
        else t = 0;
    }

    while (C.size() > 1 && C.back() == 0) C.pop_back();
    return C;
}

int main()
{
    string a, b;
    vector<int> A, B;
    cin >> a >> b;
    for (int i = a.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) A.push_back(a[i] - '0');
    for (int i = b.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) B.push_back(b[i] - '0');

    vector<int> C;

    if (cmp(A, B)) C = sub(A, B);
    else C = sub(B, A), cout << '-';

    for (int i = C.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) cout << C[i];
    cout << endl;

    return 0;
}

乘

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

vector <int> mul(vector <int> &A, vector <int> &B) {
    vector <int> C(A.size() + B.size(), 0);
    for (int i = 0; i < A.size(); i ++) {
	    for (int j = 0; j < B.size(); j ++){
		    C[i + j] += A[i] * B[j];
		    C[i + j + 1] += C[i + j] / 10;
		    C[i + j] %= 10;
		}
    }
    while (C.size() > 1 && C.back() == 0) C.pop_back();
    return C;
}
 
// 应用部分 
vector <int> A,B,C;
string CA,CB; // 字符串存储 
int main(){
	cin >> CA >> CB;
	for (int i = CA.size() - 1;i >= 0;i--) A.push_back(CA[i] - '0');
	for (int i = CB.size() - 1;i >= 0;i--) B.push_back(CB[i] - '0');
	C = mul(A,B);
	for (int i = C.size() - 1;i >= 0;i--) cout << C[i]; 
	cout << endl;
	return 0;
}

除

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

vector<int> div(vector<int> &A, int b, int &r)
{
    vector<int> C;
    r = 0;
    for (int i = A.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- )
    {
        r = r * 10 + A[i];
        C.push_back(r / b);
        r %= b;
    }
    reverse(C.begin(), C.end());
    while (C.size() > 1 && C.back() == 0) C.pop_back();
    return C;
}

int main()
{
    string a;
    vector<int> A;

    int B;
    cin >> a >> B;
    for (int i = a.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) A.push_back(a[i] - '0');

    int r;
    auto C = div(A, B, r);

    for (int i = C.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) cout << C[i];

    cout << endl << r << endl;

    return 0;
}

位运算

//获取最后一位1
int lowbit(int x){
    return x&-x;
}
/*
  5: 101 & 011 = 001
*/

前缀和

一维

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

const int N = 100010;

int n, m;
int a[N], s[N];

int main()
{
    scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i ++ ) scanf("%d", &a[i]);

    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i ++ ) s[i] = s[i - 1] + a[i]; // 前缀和的初始化

    while (m -- )
    {
        int l, r;
        scanf("%d%d", &l, &r);
        printf("%d\n", s[r] - s[l - 1]); // 区间和的计算
    }

    return 0;
}

二维

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

const int N = 1010;

int n, m, q;
int s[N][N];

int main()
{
    scanf("%d%d%d", &n, &m, &q);

    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i ++ )
        for (int j = 1; j <= m; j ++ )
            scanf("%d", &s[i][j]);

    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i ++ )
        for (int j = 1; j <= m; j ++ )
            s[i][j] += s[i - 1][j] + s[i][j - 1] - s[i - 1][j - 1];

    while (q -- )
    {
        int x1, y1, x2, y2;
        scanf("%d%d%d%d", &x1, &y1, &x2, &y2);
        printf("%d\n", s[x2][y2] - s[x1 - 1][y2] - s[x2][y1 - 1] + s[x1 - 1][y1 - 1]);
    }

    return 0;
}

差分

一维

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 10;
int a[N], b[N];
int main()
{
    int n, m;
    scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
        scanf("%d", &a[i]);
        b[i] = a[i] - a[i - 1];      //构建差分数组
    }
    int l, r, c;
    while (m--)
    {
        scanf("%d%d%d", &l, &r, &c);
        b[l] += c;     //将序列中[l, r]之间的每个数都加上c
        b[r + 1] -= c;
    }
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
        a[i] = b[i] + a[i - 1];    //前缀和运算
        printf("%d ", a[i]);
    }
    return 0;
}

二维

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

const int N = 1e3 + 10;
int n, m, q;
int a[N][N], b[N][N];

void insert(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int c)
{
    b[x1][y1] += c;
    b[x2 + 1][y1] -= c;
    b[x1][y2 + 1] -= c;
    b[x2 + 1][y2 + 1] += c;
}

int main(){
    scanf("%d%d%d", &n, &m, &q); // n行m列，q次
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++){
        for (int j =1; j <= m; j++){
            scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
        }
    }
    // 构建差分数组
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++){
        for (int j = 1; j <= m; j++){
            b[i][j] = a[i][j] - a[i - 1][j] - a[i][j - 1] + a[i - 1][j - 1];
        }
    }
    while (q--){
        int x1, y1, x2, y2, c;
        scanf("%d%d%d%d%d", &x1, &y1, &x2, &y2, &c);
        insert(x1, y1, x2, y2, c);
    }
    // 二维前缀和
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++){
        for (int j =1; j <= m; j++){
           a[i][j] = a[i - 1][j] + a[i][j - 1] - a[i - 1][j - 1] + b[i][j];
        }
    }
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++){
        for (int j =1; j <= m; j++){
            printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
    return 0;
}

离散化

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

typedef pair<int, int> PII;

const int N = 300010;

int n, m;
int a[N], s[N];

vector<int> alls;
vector<PII> add, query;

int find(int x) //二分快速查找索引
{
    int l = 0, r = alls.size() - 1;
    while (l < r)
    {
        int mid = l + r >> 1;
        if (alls[mid] >= x) r = mid;
        else l = mid + 1;
    }
    return r + 1;
}

int main()
{
    cin >> n >> m;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++ )
    {
        int x, c;
        cin >> x >> c;
        add.push_back({x, c});

        alls.push_back(x);
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < m; i ++ )
    {
        int l, r;
        cin >> l >> r;
        query.push_back({l, r});

        alls.push_back(l);
        alls.push_back(r);
    }

    // 去重
    sort(alls.begin(), alls.end());
    alls.erase(unique(alls.begin(), alls.end()), alls.end());

    // 处理插入
    for (auto item : add)
    {
        int x = find(item.first);
        a[x] += item.second;
    }

    // 预处理前缀和
    for (int i = 1; i <= alls.size(); i ++ ) s[i] = s[i - 1] + a[i];

    // 处理询问
    for (auto item : query)
    {
        int l = find(item.first), r = find(item.second);
        cout << s[r] - s[l - 1] << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}