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【man ps中man的用法】

MAN(1)                       Manual pager utils                       MAN(1)

NAME

       man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals

SYNOPSIS

       man  [-C  file]  [-d]  [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L
       locale] [-m system[,...]] [-M path] [-S list] [-e extension]  [-i|-I]
       [--regex|--wildcard]  [--names-only]  [-a]  [-u]  [--no-subpages] [-P
       pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [--no-hyphenation] [--no-justi-
       fication]  [-p string] [-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z]
       [[section] page ...] ...
       man -k [apropos options] regexp ...
       man -K [-w|-W] [-S list] [-i|-I] [--regex] [section] term ...
       man -f [whatis options] page ...
       man -l [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding]  [-L
       locale]  [-P  pager]  [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [-p string] [-t]
       [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] file ...
       man -w|-W [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
       man -c [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
        man [-hV]

DESCRIPTION

       man is the system's manual pager. Each page argument given to man is
       normally the name of a program, utility or function.  The manual page
       associated with each of these arguments is then found and displayed.
       A section, if provided, will direct man to look only in that section
       of the manual.  The default action is to search in all of the
       available sections following a pre-defined order ("1 n l 8 3 2 5 4 9
       6 7" by default, unless overridden by the SECTION directive in
       /usr/local/etc/man_db.conf), and to show only the first page found,
       even if page exists in several sections.

       The table below shows the section numbers of the manual followed by
       the types of pages they contain. （命令分类）

       1   Executable programs or shell commands
       2   System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
       3   Library calls (functions within program libraries)
       4   Special files (usually found in /dev)
       5   File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd
       6   Games
       7   Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g.
           man(7), groff(7)
       8   System administration commands (usually only for root)
       9   Kernel routines [Non standard]

       A manual page consists of several sections.

       Conventional section names include NAME, SYNOPSIS, CONFIGURATION,
       DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ERRORS, ENVIRONMENT,
       FILES, VERSIONS, CONFORMING TO, NOTES, BUGS, EXAMPLE, AUTHORS, and
       SEE ALSO.

       The following conventions apply to the SYNOPSIS section and can be
       used as a guide in other sections.

       bold text          type exactly as shown.
       italic text        replace with appropriate argument.
       [-abc]             any or all arguments within [ ] are optional.
       -a|-b              options delimited by | cannot be used together.

       argument ...       argument is repeatable.
       [expression] ...   entire expression within [ ] is repeatable.

       Exact rendering may vary depending on the output device.  For
       instance, man will usually not be able to render italics when running
       in a terminal, and will typically use underlined or coloured text
       instead.

       The command or function illustration is a pattern that should match
       all possible invocations.  In some cases it is advisable to
       illustrate several exclusive invocations as is shown in the SYNOPSIS
       section of this manual page.

 

 

【ps /?中的selection by list等用法】

注意simple selection和selection by list等用法。

 

PS(1)                        Linux User's Manual                       PS(1)

NAME

ps - report a snapshot of the current processes.

SYNOPSIS

ps [options]

DESCRIPTION

ps displays information about a selection of the active processes. If you
want a repetitive update of the selection and the displayed information,
use top(1) instead.

This version of ps accepts several kinds of options: （选项分类）
1   UNIX options, which may be grouped and must be preceded by a dash. （UNIX选项，也称为标准选项：用-）
2   BSD options, which may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.（BSD选项：不能用-）
3   GNU long options, which are preceded by two dashes.（GNU长选项：用--）

Options of different types may be freely mixed, but conflicts can appear.
There are some synonymous options, which are functionally identical, due to
the many standards and ps implementations that this ps is compatible with.

Note that "ps -aux" is distinct from "ps aux". The POSIX and UNIX standards
require that "ps -aux" print all processes owned by a user named "x", as
well as printing all processes that would be selected by the -a option. If
the user named "x" does not exist, this ps may interpret the command as
"ps aux" instead and print a warning. This behavior is intended to aid in
transitioning old scripts and habits. It is fragile, subject to change, and
thus should not be relied upon.

By default, ps selects all processes with the same effective user ID
(euid=EUID) as the current user and associated with the same terminal as the
invoker. It displays the process ID (pid=PID), the terminal associated with
the process (tname=TTY), the cumulated CPU time in [dd-]hh:mm:ss format
(time=TIME), and the executable name (ucmd=CMD). Output is unsorted by
default.

The use of BSD-style options will add process state (stat=STAT) to the
default display and show the command args (args=COMMAND) instead of the
executable name. You can override this with the PS_FORMAT environment
variable. The use of BSD-style options will also change the process
selection to include processes on other terminals (TTYs) that are owned by
you; alternately, this may be described as setting the selection to be the
set of all processes filtered to exclude processes owned by other users or
not on a terminal. These effects are not considered when options are
described as being "identical" below, so -M will be considered identical to
Z and so on.

Except as described below, process selection options are additive. The
default selection is discarded, and then the selected processes are added to
the set of processes to be displayed. A process will thus be shown if it
meets any of the given selection criteria.

     EXAMPLES

To see every process on the system using standard syntax:
   ps -e
   ps -ef
   ps -eF
   ps -ely

To see every process on the system using BSD syntax:
   ps ax
   ps axu

To print a process tree:
   ps -ejH
   ps axjf

To get info about threads:
   ps -eLf
   ps axms

To get security info:
   ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label
   ps axZ
   ps -eM

To see every process running as root (real & effective ID) in user format:
   ps -U root -u root u

To see every process with a user-defined format:
   ps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm
   ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm
   ps -eopid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan

Print only the process IDs of syslogd:
   ps -C syslogd -o pid=

Print only the name of PID 42:
       ps -p 42 -o comm=

      SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION

-A              Select all processes. Identical to -e.

-N              Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified
                conditions. (negates the selection) Identical to --deselect.

T               Select all processes associated with this terminal.
                Identical to the t option without any argument.

-a              Select all processes except both session leaders (see
                getsid(2)) and processes not associated with a terminal.

a               Lift the BSD-style "only yourself" restriction, which is
                imposed upon the set of all processes when some BSD-style
                (without "-") options are used or when the ps personality
                setting is BSD-like. The set of processes selected in this
                manner is in addition to the set of processes selected by
                other means. An alternate description is that this option
                causes ps to list all processes with a terminal (tty), or to
                list all processes when used together with the x option.

-d              Select all processes except session leaders.

-e              Select all processes. Identical to -A.

g               Really all, even session leaders. This flag is obsolete and
                may be discontinued in a future release. It is normally
                implied by the a flag, and is only useful when operating in
                the sunos4 personality.

r               Restrict the selection to only running processes.

x               Lift the BSD-style "must have a tty" restriction, which is
                imposed upon the set of all processes when some BSD-style
                (without "-") options are used or when the ps personality
                setting is BSD-like. The set of processes selected in this
                manner is in addition to the set of processes selected by
                other means. An alternate description is that this option
                causes ps to list all processes owned by you (same EUID as
                ps), or to list all processes when used together with the a
                option.

--deselect      Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified
                conditions. (negates the selection) Identical to -N.

        PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST

These options accept a single argument in the form of a blank-separated or
comma-separated list. They can be used multiple times.
For example: ps -p "1 2" -p 3,4

-C cmdlist      Select by command name.
                This selects the processes whose executable name is given in
                cmdlist.

-G grplist      Select by real group ID (RGID) or name.
                This selects the processes whose real group name or ID is in
                the grplist list. The real group ID identifies the group of
                the user who created the process, see getgid(2).

U userlist      Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.
                This selects the processes whose effective user name or ID
                is in userlist. The effective user ID describes the user
                whose file access permissions are used by the process
                (see geteuid(2)). Identical to -u and --user.

-U userlist     select by real user ID (RUID) or name.
                It selects the processes whose real user name or ID is in
                the userlist list. The real user ID identifies the user who
                created the process, see getuid(2).

-g grplist      Select by session OR by effective group name.
                Selection by session is specified by many standards, but
                selection by effective group is the logical behavior that
                several other operating systems use. This ps will select by
                session when the list is completely numeric
                (as sessions are). Group ID numbers will work only when some
                group names are also specified. See the -s and --group
                options.

p pidlist       Select by process ID. Identical to -p and --pid.

-p pidlist      Select by PID.
                This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear
                in pidlist. Identical to p and --pid.

-s sesslist     Select by session ID.
                This selects the processes with a session ID specified
                in sesslist.

t ttylist       Select by tty. Nearly identical to -t and --tty, but can
                also be used with an empty ttylist to indicate the terminal
                associated with ps. Using the T option is considered cleaner
                than using T with an empty ttylist.

-t ttylist      Select by tty.
                This selects the processes associated with the terminals
                given in ttylist. Terminals (ttys, or screens for text
                output) can be specified in several forms: /dev/ttyS1,
                ttyS1, S1. A plain "-" may be used to select processes not
                attached to any terminal.

-u userlist     Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.
                This selects the processes whose effective user name or ID
                is in userlist. The effective user ID describes the user
                whose file access permissions are used by the process
                (see geteuid(2)). Identical to U and --user.

--Group grplist Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. Identical to -G.

--User userlist Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. Identical to -U.

--group grplist Select by effective group ID (EGID) or name.
                This selects the processes whose effective group name or ID
                is in grouplist. The effective group ID describes the group
                whose file access permissions are used by the process
                (see geteuid(2)). The -g option is often an alternative
                to --group.

--pid pidlist   Select by process ID. Identical to -p and p.

--ppid pidlist  Select by parent process ID. This selects the processes with
                a parent process ID in pidlist. That is, it selects
                processes that are children of those listed in pidlist.

--sid sesslist  Select by session ID. Identical to -s.

--tty ttylist   Select by terminal. Identical to -t and t.

--user userlist Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. Identical to -u
                and U.

-123            Identical to --sid 123.

        123             Identical to --pid 123.

        OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL

These options are used to choose the information displayed by ps. The output
may differ by personality.

-F              extra full format. See the -f option, which -F implies.

-O format       is like -o, but preloaded with some default columns.
                Identical to -o pid,format,state,tname,time,command or
                -o pid,format,tname,time,cmd, see -o below.

O format        is preloaded o (overloaded).
                The BSD O option can act like -O (user-defined output format
                with some common fields predefined) or can be used to
                specify sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the
                behavior of this option. To ensure that the desired behavior
                is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify the option in
                some other way (e.g. with -O or --sort). When used as a
                formatting option, it is identical to -O, with the
                BSD personality.

-M              Add a column of security data. Identical to Z.
                (for SE Linux)

X               Register format.

Z               Add a column of security data. Identical to -M.
                (for SE Linux)

-c              Show different scheduler information for the -l option.

-f              does full-format listing. This option can be combined with
                many other UNIX-style options to add additional columns. It
                also causes the command arguments to be printed. When used
                with -L, the NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID)
                columns will be added. See the c option, the format keyword
                args, and the format keyword comm.

j               BSD job control format.

-j              jobs format

l               display BSD long format.

-l              long format. The -y option is often useful with this.

o format        specify user-defined format. Identical to -o and --format.

-o format       user-defined format.
                format is a single argument in the form of a blank-separated
                or comma-separated list, which offers a way to specify
                individual output columns. The recognized keywords are
                described in the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section below.
                Headers may be renamed
                (ps -o pid,ruser=RealUser -o comm=Command) as desired. If
                all column headers are empty (ps -o pid= -o comm=) then the
                header line will not be output. Column width will increase
                as needed for wide headers; this may be used to widen up
                columns such as WCHAN
                (ps -o pid,wchan=WIDE-WCHAN-COLUMN -o comm). Explicit width
                control (ps opid,wchan:42,cmd) is offered too. The behavior
                of ps -o pid=X,comm=Y varies with personality; output may be
                one column named "X,comm=Y" or two columns named "X" and
                "Y". Use multiple -o options when in doubt. Use the
                PS_FORMAT environment variable to specify a default as
                desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are macros that may be used to
                choose the default UNIX or BSD columns.

s               display signal format

u               display user-oriented format

v               display virtual memory format

-y              Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr. This option
                can only be used with -l.

--format format user-defined format. Identical to -o and o.

     --context       Display security context format. (for SE Linux)





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