转载：考研英语语法总结（七）——平行结构、代词

九、平行结构

 1.注意由并列连词或等立连词连接的成分在语法形式上是否相同，即都是形容词，或都是介词短语，或都是不定式，或都是动名词，或都是句子等。如：

Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from overfishing to physical and environmental factors that affect the populations of different species.

In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.

2.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：

It is better to die on one’s feet than to live on one’s knees.

Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.

3.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。

 (1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：

We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.

For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.

(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：

At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.

十、代词

 1.与所指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致

如：Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.

It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.

Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.

 2.that的指代作用

that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数，用those)，后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。如：

Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.

No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

3.one的指代作用

one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one 指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：

A good writer is one who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

4.do的替代作用

do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：

For him to be re’elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does.