物理机安装Ubuntu
为了学习Linux+Docker，同时方便多用户远程登录，将图形服务器系统改装为Ubuntu（尝试过CentOs，因安装阶段未选择图形界面导致部分软件装不上），安装中的坑另外记录。
1、下载镜像
复现论文模型系统不是约新越好，因为docker镜像与系统版本也有关系，计划跑的模型运行在Cuda11.1、Cuda12.2，为了兼容去历史版本下载Ununtu20.04.（https://releases.ubuntu.com/20.04.6/?_ga=2.217848022.1917904444.1733646824-151510326.1733214933&_gl=1*cov7oc*_gcl_au*MjI4NTQ3OTI1LjE3MzMyMTQ5NjM.）
2、制作启动镜像
Windows装机使用PE很简单，但手上的PE装不了linux（自带DiskGenus也没支持XFS文件系统格式），只能制作U盘镜像安装
下载光盘刻录工具，我用的UltraISO，免费试用即可。
打开-选择下载好的镜像；启动-写入硬盘映像，选择一个8G以上的空U盘，其他设置默认，开始制作启动盘。
3、安装系统
重启系统，进入bios（通常为F1、F2、Del），选择U盘引导
U盘系统安装需要联网，否会卡住
安装前需要添加国内镜像源，否则配置阶段会卡住
终端指令：
sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list > /dev/null <<EOF deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse EOF
修改安装系统时的源（注意这些源都是带名字的，20.04对应focal，非20.04不适用）：
sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list
从下面任选一组源，然后更新源
sudo apt-get update
阿里云（推荐，清华源下载不到docker-ce）
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse ## Pre-released source, not recommended. # deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
清华
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse ## Pre-released source, not recommended. # deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
中科大
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse ## Pre-released source, not recommended. # deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
磁盘配置：起码需要1G的Efi引导区；15G系统区，挂/；5G以上的var区，挂/var（小于2GUbuntu24安装报错）；内存等大的swap区；剩下空间可以都给home区。挂/home
当系统语言设置为中文时，Home文件夹的目录也随之更改为了中文，这不是我们想看到的，我们可以通过如下命令将Home文件夹下的目录更改回英文。
# 首先更改系统语言环境为英文 export LANG=en_US # 然后更改设置 xdg-user-dirs-gtk-update
当然，当我们期望将英文再改为中文时也可以用类似方法就行修改：
export LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 xdg-user-dirs-gtk-update
配置root账户登录
自己的服务器采用root账户安装软件比较方便
1 创建root账户密码
sudo passwd root
2 修改/usr/share/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/50-ubuntu.conf文件配置
sudo nano /usr/share/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/50-ubuntu.conf
在文件末尾添加如下两行:
greeter-show-manual-login=true
all-guest=false
3 修改/etc/pam.d/gdm-autologin文件配置
sudo nano /etc/pam.d/gdm-autologin
注释掉第三行：auth required pam_succeed_if.so user != root quiet_success
4 修改/etc/pam.d/gdm-password文件配置
sudo nano /etc/pam.d/gdm-password
注释掉第三行：auth required pam_succeed_if.so user != root quiet_success
5 修改 /root/.profile文件配置
sudo vim /root/.profile
将文件末尾的 mesg n 2> /dev/null || true 这一行修改成
tty -s&&mesg n || true
7 注销重新登录系统
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