压缩的概念
什么是压缩包？
就是一个特殊的文件，将多个文件或者目录压缩成一个特殊的文件
为什么要用压缩包？
减少占用的空间
加快传输的速度
windows：
.zip .rar
linux:
.zip .gz .tar.gz
如果要想Windows和linux中的压缩包互相使用，建议使用.zip种类的压缩包
在Linux中压缩包的类型
.zip #根据zip命令进行打包压缩的
.gz #通过gzip命令进行压缩 只压缩文件，也会删除源文件
.bz2 #通过bzip进行压缩， 只压缩文件，也会删除源文件
.tar.gz #使用tar命令归档打包，然后使用gzip命令进行压缩
.tar.bz2 #使用tar命令归档打包，然后使用bzip命令进行压缩
zip命令
可以对文件和目录进行打包，需要指定压缩包的名称
[root@qls ~]# yum install -y zip unzip
zip #压缩的命令
选项：
-r #压缩目录
-q #静默输出，不显示压缩的过程
unzip #解压zip格式的压缩包
选项：
-l #查看压缩包中的列表信息
-q #静默输出，不显示解压的过程
-d #指定解压的目录
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 656
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 08:45 services
#针对文件进行压缩打包
[root@qls ~]# zip services.zip services
adding: services (deflated 80%)
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 792
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 08:45 services
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136227 Jul 29 09:06 services.zip
#压缩目录时不加选项，只压缩目录本身
[root@qls ~]# zip etc.zip /etc
adding: etc/ (stored 0%)
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 796
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 158 Jul 29 09:07 etc.zip
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 08:45 services
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136227 Jul 29 09:06 services.zip
[root@qls ~]# unzip -l etc.zip
Archive: etc.zip
Length Date Time Name
--------- ---------- ----- ----
0 07-29-2020 08:56 etc/
--------- -------
0 1 file
[root@qls ~]# unzip etc.zip
Archive: etc.zip
creating: etc/
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 796
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 29 08:56 etc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 158 Jul 29 09:07 etc.zip
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 08:45 services
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136227 Jul 29 09:06 services.zip
[root@qls ~]# ll etc
total 0
[root@qls ~]# zip -r etc.zip /etc
[root@qls ~]# ll -h
total 13M
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12M Jul 29 09:10 etc.zip
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 655K Jul 29 08:45 services
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 134K Jul 29 09:06 services.zip
[root@qls ~]# du -sh /etc
31M /etc
#查看压缩包里面的文件
[root@qls ~]# unzip -l etc.zip
#静默输出
[root@qls ~]# zip -rq etc1.zip /etc
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 24976
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12380952 Jul 29 09:13 etc1.zip
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12380952 Jul 29 09:10 etc.zip
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 08:45 services
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136227 Jul 29 09:06 services.zip
#解压
[root@qls ~]# unzip etc.zip
#静默解压文件，将文件解压到指定的目录下面
[root@qls ~]# unzip -q etc.zip -d /opt/
[root@qls ~]# ll /opt/
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 85 root root 8192 Jul 29 08:56 etc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 28 12:09 file9
gzip命令
gzip #只能压缩文件，压缩文件的同时，会删除源文件，解压的时候，会删除压缩文件
选项：
-d #解压
-r #递归操作
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 656
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 08:45 services
[root@qls ~]# gzip services
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 136
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136088 Jul 29 08:45 services.gz
#使用zcat命令查看gzip压缩的文件
[root@qls ~]# zcat services.gz
#解压
[root@qls ~]# gzip -d services.gz
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 656
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 08:45 services
#将目录下的所有都进行压缩处理
[root@qls ~]# gzip -r /etc
#解压目录下的所有压缩包
[root@qls ~]# gzip -rd /etc
[root@qls ~]# yum install -y bzip2
#压缩
[root@qls ~]# bzip2 services
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 124
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 123932 Jul 29 08:45 services.bz2
#解压
[root@qls ~]# bzip2 -d services.bz2
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 656
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 08:45 services
#查看bzip2压缩的文件
[root@qls ~]# bzcat services.bz2
tar命令
不负责压缩，只负责归档打包
选项：
z #使用gzip格式进行压缩
j # 使用bzip2格式进行压缩 了解
J #使用xz格式进行压缩 了解
c #创建压缩包
v #显示过程
f #指定压缩包的名称
czf #打包压缩 tar.gz格式的压缩包
cjf #打包压缩 tar.bz2格式的压缩包 了解
cJf #打包压缩 tar.xz格式的压缩包 了解
t #查看压缩中的内容
tf #指定要查看的压缩包名称
x #解压
xf #解压指定的压缩包
-C #解压到指定的目录
h #打包软连接的真实路径
P #使用绝对路径打包
X #指定排除文件的列表文件
--exclude= #指定排除的文件
--exclude-from= #指定排除文件的列表
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 656
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 09:47 services
[root@qls ~]# tar czf services.tar.gz services
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 792
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 09:47 services
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136200 Jul 29 09:48 services.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# tar cjf services.tar.bz2 services
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 916
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 09:47 services
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 124166 Jul 29 09:48 services.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136200 Jul 29 09:48 services.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# tar cJf services.tar.xz services
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 1016
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 09:47 services
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 124166 Jul 29 09:48 services.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136200 Jul 29 09:48 services.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100640 Jul 29 09:49 services.tar.xz
[root@qls ~]# tar czf etc.tar.gz /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names #删根的操作是正常的
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 10952
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171684 Jul 29 09:56 etc.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# tar tf services.tar.gz
services
[root@qls ~]# tar xf services.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 10952
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171684 Jul 29 09:56 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 09:47 services
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 124166 Jul 29 09:48 services.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136200 Jul 29 09:48 services.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100640 Jul 29 09:49 services.tar.xz
[root@qls ~]# tar xf etc.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 10964
drwxr-xr-x 77 root root 8192 Jul 29 08:56 etc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171684 Jul 29 09:56 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 09:47 services
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 124166 Jul 29 09:48 services.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136200 Jul 29 09:48 services.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100640 Jul 29 09:49 services.tar.xz
[root@qls ~]# tar cjf etc.tar.bz2 /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# tar cJf etc.tar.xz /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 26808
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8994047 Jul 29 10:01 etc.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171684 Jul 29 09:56 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7238084 Jul 29 10:01 etc.tar.xz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 09:47 services
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 124166 Jul 29 09:48 services.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136200 Jul 29 09:48 services.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100640 Jul 29 09:49 services.tar.xz
[root@qls ~]# tar xf etc.tar.bz2 #解压的时候，自动识别压缩包的格式
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 26820
drwxr-xr-x 77 root root 8192 Jul 29 08:56 etc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8994047 Jul 29 10:01 etc.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171684 Jul 29 09:56 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7238084 Jul 29 10:01 etc.tar.xz
[root@qls ~]# tar xf etc.tar.gz -C /opt/
[root@qls ~]# ll /opt/
total 668
drwxr-xr-x 77 root root 8192 Jul 29 08:56 etc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 09:47 services
[root@qls ~]# tar czvf etc.tar.gz /etc
[root@qls ~]# tar xvf etc.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# ll /bin -d
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Jul 6 02:13 /bin -> usr/bin
[root@qls ~]# tar czf bin.tar.gz /bin
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 9952
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 110 Jul 29 10:14 bin.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 77 root root 8192 Jul 29 08:56 etc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171684 Jul 29 10:04 etc.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# tar xf bin.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 9952
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Jul 6 02:13 bin -> usr/bin
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 110 Jul 29 10:14 bin.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 77 root root 8192 Jul 29 08:56 etc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171684 Jul 29 10:04 etc.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# tar czhf bin1.tar.gz /bin
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from hard link targets
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 36880
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Jul 6 02:13 bin -> usr/bin
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 27573768 Jul 29 10:16 bin1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 110 Jul 29 10:14 bin.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 77 root root 8192 Jul 29 08:56 etc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171684 Jul 29 10:04 etc.tar.gz
#打包的时候有个删根的操作 怎么避免这个删根的操作
#第一种 使用相对路径打包
[root@qls ~]# cd /
[root@qls /]# tar czf /root/etc1.tar.gz etc
[root@qls /]# ll /root
total 46852
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 20480 Jul 29 08:58 bin
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 27573768 Jul 29 10:16 bin1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 110 Jul 29 10:14 bin.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 77 root root 8192 Jul 29 08:56 etc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171684 Jul 29 10:19 etc1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171684 Jul 29 10:04 etc.tar.gz
#真实打包场景
[root@qls ~]# cd / && tar czf /root/etc3.tar.gz etc && cd -
/root
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 581012
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 20480 Jul 29 08:58 bin
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 27573768 Jul 29 10:16 bin1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 110 Jul 29 10:14 bin.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 77 root root 8192 Jul 29 08:56 etc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171684 Jul 29 10:19 etc1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 347209728 Jul 29 10:22 etc2.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171684 Jul 29 10:22 etc3.tar.gz
#第二种方法 使用绝对路径打包 告诉系统不要删根
#使用绝对路径打包
[root@qls ~]# tar czPf etc4.tar.gz /etc
#使用绝对路经解压
[root@qls ~]# tar xPf etc4.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# cat /etc/services >> /opt/services
[root@qls ~]# ll /opt/
total 1744
drwxr-xr-x 77 root root 8192 Jul 29 08:56 etc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 158 Jul 29 10:28 hosts
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1340586 Jul 29 10:29 services
[root@qls ~]# tar xPf opt.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# ll /opt/
total 672
drwxr-xr-x 77 root root 8192 Jul 29 08:56 etc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 158 Jul 29 10:28 hosts
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 29 09:47 services
#排除不需要打包的文件
[root@qls ~]# tar czf etc1.tar.gz /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 9936
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171949 Jul 29 10:51 etc1.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# ll /etc/services
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jun 7 2013 /etc/services
[root@qls ~]# tar czf etc2.tar.gz --exclude=/etc/services /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 19740
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171949 Jul 29 10:51 etc1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10036635 Jul 29 10:52 etc2.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# tar tf etc2.tar.gz | grep services
etc/firewalld/services/
#排除多个文件
[root@qls ~]# tar czf etc3.tar.gz --exclude=/etc/services --exclude=/etc/passwd /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 29544
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171949 Jul 29 10:51 etc1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10036635 Jul 29 10:52 etc2.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10035297 Jul 29 10:54 etc3.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# tar tf etc3.tar.gz | grep -E 'services|passwd'
etc/security/opasswd
etc/passwd-
etc/pam.d/passwd
etc/firewalld/services/
[root@qls ~]# tar czf etc4.tar.gz --exclude=/etc/{services,passwd} /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 39348
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171949 Jul 29 10:51 etc1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10036635 Jul 29 10:52 etc2.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10035297 Jul 29 10:54 etc3.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10035297 Jul 29 10:55 etc4.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# cat paichu.list
/etc/fstab
/etc/group
/etc/hosts
/etc/passwd
/etc/services
[root@qls ~]# tar czfX etc5.tar.gz paichu.list /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 49152
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171949 Jul 29 10:51 etc1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10036635 Jul 29 10:52 etc2.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10035297 Jul 29 10:54 etc3.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10035297 Jul 29 10:55 etc4.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10033927 Jul 29 10:58 etc5.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 59 Jul 29 10:57 paichu.list
[root@qls ~]# tar tf etc5.tar.gz | grep -Ew 'fstab|group|hosts|passwd|services'
etc/security/group.conf
etc/group-
etc/passwd-
etc/hosts.allow
etc/hosts.deny
etc/pam.d/passwd
etc/iproute2/group
etc/firewalld/services/
[root@qls ~]# tar czf etc6.tar.gz --exclude-from=paichu.list /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 58952
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10171949 Jul 29 10:51 etc1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10036635 Jul 29 10:52 etc2.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10035297 Jul 29 10:54 etc3.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10035297 Jul 29 10:55 etc4.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10033927 Jul 29 10:58 etc5.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10033927 Jul 29 11:01 etc6.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 59 Jul 29 10:57 paichu.list
tar命令与find结合
[root@qls ~]# tar czf log1.tar.gz `find /var/log/ -type f -name "*.log"`
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# tar czf log2.tar.gz $(find /var/log/ -type f -name "*.log")
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# find /var/log/ -type f -name "*.log" -exec tar czf log3.tar.gz {} \;
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]#
[root@qls ~]# find /var/log/ -type f -name "*.log" | xargs tar czf log4.tar.gz
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@qls ~]# ll
total 916
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 309155 Jul 29 11:09 log1.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 309155 Jul 29 11:09 log2.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 356 Jul 29 11:10 log3.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 309155 Jul 29 11:10 log4.tar.gz
[root@qls ~]# tar tf log1.tar.gz
var/log/tuned/tuned.log
var/log/audit/audit.log
var/log/anaconda/anaconda.log
var/log/anaconda/X.log
var/log/anaconda/program.log
var/log/anaconda/packaging.log
var/log/anaconda/storage.log
var/log/anaconda/ifcfg.log
var/log/anaconda/ks-script-3PCKae.log
var/log/anaconda/journal.log
var/log/boot.log
var/log/vmware-vmsvc.log
var/log/vmware-network.8.log
var/log/vmware-network.5.log
var/log/vmware-network.2.log
var/log/vmware-network.7.log
var/log/vmware-network.4.log
var/log/vmware-network.1.log
var/log/test.log
var/log/yum.log
var/log/vmware-network.9.log
var/log/nginx/error.log
var/log/nginx/access.log
var/log/vmware-network.6.log
var/log/vmware-network.3.log
var/log/vmware-network.log
[root@qls ~]# tar tf log3.tar.gz
var/log/vmware-network.log
当使用-exec时， 把find查找的文件是进行一个个赋值给{}的
xargs 把find命令查找出来的文件统一的赋值给了后面
date命令
#显示系统时间
[root@qls ~]# date
Wed Jul 29 11:19:19 CST 2020
[root@qls ~]# date +%Y #世纪
2020
[root@qls ~]# date +%y #年代
20
[root@qls ~]# date +%m #月份
07
[root@qls ~]# date +%d #日期
29
[root@qls ~]# date +%Y-%m-%d
2020-07-29
[root@qls ~]# date +%F #显示日期
2020-07-29
[root@qls ~]# date +%y-%m-%d
20-07-29
[root@qls ~]# date +%H #时
11
[root@qls ~]# date +%M #分
23
[root@qls ~]# date +%S #秒
24
[root@qls ~]# date
Wed Jul 29 11:23:28 CST 2020
[root@qls ~]# date +%H:%M:%S
11:23:43
[root@qls ~]# date +%T #显示时间
11:24:08
[root@qls ~]# date +%F-%T
2020-07-29-11:24:34
[root@qls ~]# date +%w #周几
3
[root@qls ~]# date +%W #今年第几周
30
[root@qls ~]# date +%s #距离1970年1月1日0分0秒过来多少秒
1595993167
选项：
-d #自定义日期
-s #修改日期 时间
[root@qls ~]# date +%F
2020-07-29
[root@qls ~]# date -d "-1 day" +%F
2020-07-28
[root@qls ~]# date -d "+1 day" +%F
2020-07-30
[root@qls ~]# date -d "+1 month" +%F
2020-08-29
[root@qls ~]# date -d "-1 month" +%F
2020-06-29
[root@qls ~]# date -d "-1 year" +%F
2019-07-29
[root@qls ~]# date -d "+1 year" +%F
2021-07-29
[root@qls ~]# date
Wed Jul 29 11:31:42 CST 2020
[root@qls ~]# date -s 20200730
Thu Jul 30 00:00:00 CST 2020
[root@qls ~]# date
Thu Jul 30 00:00:08 CST 2020
[root@qls ~]# date -s 2020/07/29
Wed Jul 29 00:00:00 CST 2020
[root@qls ~]# date
Wed Jul 29 00:00:02 CST 2020
[root@qls ~]# date -s 11:32:30
Wed Jul 29 11:32:30 CST 2020
[root@qls ~]# date
Wed Jul 29 11:32:31 CST 2020
[root@qls ~]# date -s "20200730 11:00:00"
Thu Jul 30 11:00:00 CST 2020
#时间同步
ntpdate
[root@qls ~]# yum install ntpdate -y
向时间服务器进行同步时间
ntp.aliyun.com
ntp1.aliyun.com .... ntp7.aliyun.com
[root@qls ~]# ntpdate ntp.aliyun.com
29 Jul 11:36:33 ntpdate[31370]: step time server 203.107.6.88 offset -84415.000442 sec
[root@qls ~]# date
Wed Jul 29 11:36:35 CST 2020
[root@qls ~]# date -s 20200730
Thu Jul 30 00:00:00 CST 2020
[root@qls ~]# ntpdate ntp.aliyun.com
29 Jul 11:36:56 ntpdate[31392]: step time server 203.107.6.88 offset -44591.413933 sec
[root@qls ~]# date
Wed Jul 29 11:37:02 CST 2020
浙公网安备 33010602011771号