Python MRO

文中代码基于Python3.7

 

对于Python中的多继承情况，运行时在搜索对象的属性或方法时，需要遵循一定的顺序规则，这个规则称为：Method Resolution Order (MRO).

 

MRO规则可以总结为以下三句话：

• In the multiple inheritance scenario, any specified attribute is searched first in the current class. If not found, the search continues into parent classes in depth-first, left-right fashion without searching the same class twice.

• So, first it goes to super class (and its super classes) given first in the list then second super class (and its super classes) , from left to right order. Then finally Object class, which is a super class for all classes.

  这里的list指的是多个父类组成的list，如：

  class M(X,Y,Z):

  pass

  list就是(X,Y,Z)

• When in MRO we have a super class before subclass then it must be removed from that position in MRO.

  这一句和第一句对应起来看，一个类只被检索一次，所以基类要往后移

 

可以调用类型对象的mro方法或者__mro__属性来获取类型的MRO信息。

 

class X:
    def hello(self):
        print('x')
​
​
class Y:
    def hello(self):
        print('y')
    
    def world(self):
        print('y_world')
​
​
class Z:
    def hello(self):
        print('z')
​
​
class A(X):
    def hello(self):
        print('a')
​
​
class B(Y,Z):
    def hello(self):
        print('b')
​
​
class M(B, A): 
    pass
​
print(M.mro())
print(M.__mro__)
​
# 输出：
# list类型
[<class '__main__.M'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.Y'>, <class '__main__.Z'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.X'>, <class 'object'>]
# tuple类型
(<class '__main__.M'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.Y'>, <class '__main__.Z'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.X'>, <class 'object'>)

 

MRO图示如下：

goes to super class (and its super classes) given first in the list then second super class (and its super classes) , from left to right order. Then finally Object class

 

 

depth-first, left-right fashion without searching the same class twice ，得到MRO列表：[<class '__main__.M'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.Y'>, <class '__main__.Z'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.X'>, <class 'object'>]

 

---

 

B和A均继承自Z，M继承自B和A：

class X:
    def hello(self):
        print('x')
​
​
class Y:
    def hello(self):
        print('y')
    
    def world(self):
        print('y_world')
​
​
class Z:
    def hello(self):
        print('z')
​
​
class A(X,Z):
    def hello(self):
        print('a')
​
​
class B(Y,Z):
    def hello(self):
        print('b')
​
​
class M(B, A): 
    pass
​
print(M.mro())
​
# 输出：
# [<class '__main__.M'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.Y'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.X'>, <class '__main__.Z'>, <class 'object'>]

 

MRO图示如下：

goes to super class (and its super classes) given first in the list then second super class (and its super classes) , from left to right order. Then finally Object class

 

 

depth-first, left-right fashion without searching the same class twice ，得到MRO列表：[<class '__main__.M'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.Y'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.X'>, <class '__main__.Z'>, <class 'object'>]

 

---

 

class X:
    def hello(self):
        print('x')
​
​
class Y:
    def hello(self):
        print('y')
    
    def world(self):
        print('y_world')
​
​
class Z:
    def hello(self):
        print('z')
​
​
class A(X,Z):
    def hello(self):
        print('a')
​
​
class B(Y,Z):
    def hello(self):
        print('b')
​
​
class M(B, A, Y): 
    pass
​
print(M.mro())
​
# 输出
# [<class '__main__.M'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.Y'>, <class '__main__.X'>, <class '__main__.Z'>, <class 'object'>]

 

MRO图示如下：

goes to super class (and its super classes) given first in the list then second super class (and its super classes) , from left to right order. Then finally Object class

 

 

这个MRO图可以继续简化：

depth-first, left-right fashion without searching the same class twice

 

 

 

得到MRO列表为[<class '__main__.M'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.Y'>, <class '__main__.X'>, <class '__main__.Z'>, <class 'object'>]

 

---

 

When in MRO we have a super class before subclass then it must be removed from that position in MRO

 

下面是一个会报错的示例：

class A:
    def process(self):
        print('A process()')
​
​
class B(A):
    def process(self):
        print('B process()')
​
​
class M(A, B):
    pass
​
print(M.mro())
​
# 输出：
# TypeError: Cannot create a consistent method resolution
# order (MRO) for bases A, B

 

MRO图示：

 

 

如果一个方法或属性同时存在与B和A，应为M直接继承B又直接继承A，那么通过M来调用时就不知道是该从B中还是A中获取这个方法或属性了，干脆就报错吧。我觉得MRO顺序应该为：M->B->A->object。

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Python Multiple Inheritance

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