引子---
当我们了解进程、线程的概念后,知道进程:操作系统资源分配的最小单位 ,线程:CPU调度的最小单位. 虽然两者不断的提高了CPU利用率,但操作系统创建和销毁进程和线程的还是消耗时间,还要管理他们之间的分时切换.例如核心矛盾:当一条线程陷入阻塞后,这一整条线程就不能再做其他事情了,开启和销毁多条线程以及CPU在多条线程之间切换依然依赖操作系统 单线程能否实现并发就比较重要了!因此引出协程 的概念
并发的本质---> 切换和状态保存
示例代码1
使用生成器函数 yield ,实现并发的效果
def func():
for i in range(5):
yield i
g = func()
for i in g:
print (' 生活需要勇敢面对 ' )
输出:
生活需要勇敢面对
生活需要勇敢面对
生活需要勇敢面对
生活需要勇敢面对
生活需要勇敢面对
# yiled可以保存状态,yield的状态保存与操作系统的保存线程状态很像,但是yield是代码级别控制的,更轻量级
再看示例2
import time
def consumer(): # 消费者
while True:
res = yield
def producer(): # 生产者
g = consumer()
next(g)
for i in range(10000):
g.send(i)
start = time.time()
producer()
print ( time.time()- start)
输出:
0.002000093460083008
yield这种切换,就已经在线程中出现了多个任务,这多个任务的切换本质上就是协程. 其中consumer 是一个协程,producer也是一个协程. 单纯的切换还是会消耗时间,但是如果能够阻塞的时候切换,并且多个程序阻塞时间共享,协程能够非常大限度的提升效率
简单的协程
什么是协程?
协程也叫纤程/轻型线程,基于单线程实现并发,对于操作系统来说,协程是不可见的,不需要操作系统调度,协程是程序级别的单位,由用户程序自己控制调度的.
协程的效率问题
协程的效率跟操作系统本身没有关系,和线程也没有关系,而是看程序的调度是否合理.
协程指的只是在同一条线程上,能够互相切换的多个任务,遇到I/O就切换,实际上我们利用协程提高工作效率的一种方式!
操作系统切换和程序切换对比
线程是属于内核级别的,由操作系统控制调度,如果单线程I/O后执行时间过长,就会被迫交出CPU使用权限,切换到其他线程使用
单线程内开启协程,一旦遇到I/O,就会从应用程序级别进行切换,以此来提升效率,但是非I/O操作的切换与效率无关.
对比操作系统控制线程的切换,用户在单线程内控制协程的切换
协程的优缺点
优点: 协程的切换开销更小,属于程序级别的切换,操作系统完全感知不到,因而更加轻量级,
单线程内就可以使用并发的效果,最大限度的利用CPU
缺点: 协程的本质是单线程下,无法利用多核,
协程指的是单个线程,因而一旦协程出现阻塞,将会阻塞整个线程.
协程的特点:
1.必须在单线程下实现并发
2.一条协程在多个任务之间相互切换
3.数据是安全的,不能利用多核
4.能够规避一个线程上的I/O阻塞,提高了CPU的利用率
Greenlet模块
美 /'grinlɪt/ 协程模块,多个任务之间来回切换
import time
from greenlet import greenlet # 美 /'grinlɪt/
def play():
print (' start play ' )
g2.switch() # 开关 只负责切换,无法规避IO
time.sleep(1) # 遇到阻塞后切换g2
print (' end play ' )
def study():
print (' start study ' )
time.sleep( 1) # 遇到阻塞后再执行g1
print (' end study? ' )
g1.switch()
g1 = greenlet(play)
g2 = greenlet(study)
g1.switch()
输出
start play
start study
end study?
end play
# 还是得等待2s
Gevent模块
gevent模块是基于greenlet模块实现的,多个任务交给gevent管理,遇到I/O就使用greenlet进行切换
示例1:
import gevent
def play(): 协程1
print (' play start ' )
gevent.sleep( 1)
print (' end play ' )
def eat():协程2
print (' start eat ' )
gevent.sleep( 1)
print (' end eat ' )
g1 = gevent.spawn(play) # 遇到io立即切换
g2 = gevent.spawn(eat) # 美 /spɔn/ 'b'
# 主线程
# gevent.sleep(2) #如果无法确定协程阻塞时间,因此我们一般用join
g1.join() # 精准的控制协程任务,一定是执行完毕后,join立即结束阻塞
g2.join()
gevent.joinable([g1,g2]) #简单写法
输出:
play start
start eat
end play
end eat
示例2:
from gevent import monkey;monkey.patch_all()
# monkey的存在就是把以下引用的模块中所有的io阻塞都打成一个包,然后gevent就可以识别这些阻塞时间啦
import time,gevent
def play(): # 协程1
print (' start play ' )
time.sleep( 1) # 不用gevent.sleep
print (' end play ' )
def run(): # 协程2
print (' start run ' )
time.sleep( 1) # monkey处理后time.sleep阻塞 可以被gevent识别
print (' end run ' )
g1 = gevent.spawn(play)
g2 = gevent.spawn(run)
gevent.joinall([g1,g2])
滑稽的monkey模块
示例3
# server端
from gevent import monkey;monkey.patch_all()
import socket
import gevent
def talk(conn):
while True:
msg = conn.recv(1024).decode()
conn.send(msg.upper().encode())
sk = socket.socket()
sk.bind(( ' 127.0.0.1 ' ,9000))
sk.listen()
while True:
conn,addr = sk.accept()
gevent.spawn(talk,conn)
# client端
import socket
import threading
def task():
sk = socket.socket()
sk.connect(( ' 127.0.0.1 ' ,9000))
while True:
sk.send(b ' hello ' )
print (sk.recv(1024))
for i in range(500):
threading.Thread(target =task).start()
并发socket
鉴于一条线程能够支持起500个协程,比如我们4C的机器开5个进程,每条进程20条线程,并发50000条并发是完全没问题的!
...
CrazyShenldon
posted @
2018-12-14 00:04
FindSoul
阅读(
277 )
评论()
收藏
举报
var RENDERER = {
POINT_INTERVAL : 5,
FISH_COUNT : 3,
MAX_INTERVAL_COUNT : 50,
INIT_HEIGHT_RATE : 0.5,
THRESHOLD : 50,
init : function(){
this.setParameters();
this.reconstructMethods();
this.setup();
this.bindEvent();
this.render();
},
setParameters : function(){
this.$window = $(window);
this.$container = $('#jsi-flying-fish-container');
this.$canvas = $(' ');
this.context = this.$canvas.appendTo(this.$container).get(0).getContext('2d');
this.points = [];
this.fishes = [];
this.watchIds = [];
},
createSurfacePoints : function(){
var count = Math.round(this.width / this.POINT_INTERVAL);
this.pointInterval = this.width / (count - 1);
this.points.push(new SURFACE_POINT(this, 0));
for(var i = 1; i < count; i++){
var point = new SURFACE_POINT(this, i * this.pointInterval),
previous = this.points[i - 1];
point.setPreviousPoint(previous);
previous.setNextPoint(point);
this.points.push(point);
}
},
reconstructMethods : function(){
this.watchWindowSize = this.watchWindowSize.bind(this);
this.jdugeToStopResize = this.jdugeToStopResize.bind(this);
this.startEpicenter = this.startEpicenter.bind(this);
this.moveEpicenter = this.moveEpicenter.bind(this);
this.reverseVertical = this.reverseVertical.bind(this);
this.render = this.render.bind(this);
},
setup : function(){
this.points.length = 0;
this.fishes.length = 0;
this.watchIds.length = 0;
this.intervalCount = this.MAX_INTERVAL_COUNT;
this.width = this.$container.width();
this.height = this.$container.height();
this.fishCount = this.FISH_COUNT * this.width / 500 * this.height / 500;
this.$canvas.attr({width : this.width, height : this.height});
this.reverse = false;
this.fishes.push(new FISH(this));
this.createSurfacePoints();
},
watchWindowSize : function(){
this.clearTimer();
this.tmpWidth = this.$window.width();
this.tmpHeight = this.$window.height();
this.watchIds.push(setTimeout(this.jdugeToStopResize, this.WATCH_INTERVAL));
},
clearTimer : function(){
while(this.watchIds.length > 0){
clearTimeout(this.watchIds.pop());
}
},
jdugeToStopResize : function(){
var width = this.$window.width(),
height = this.$window.height(),
stopped = (width == this.tmpWidth && height == this.tmpHeight);
this.tmpWidth = width;
this.tmpHeight = height;
if(stopped){
this.setup();
}
},
bindEvent : function(){
this.$window.on('resize', this.watchWindowSize);
this.$container.on('mouseenter', this.startEpicenter);
this.$container.on('mousemove', this.moveEpicenter);
this.$container.on('click', this.reverseVertical);
},
getAxis : function(event){
var offset = this.$container.offset();
return {
x : event.clientX - offset.left + this.$window.scrollLeft(),
y : event.clientY - offset.top + this.$window.scrollTop()
};
},
startEpicenter : function(event){
this.axis = this.getAxis(event);
},
moveEpicenter : function(event){
var axis = this.getAxis(event);
if(!this.axis){
this.axis = axis;
}
this.generateEpicenter(axis.x, axis.y, axis.y - this.axis.y);
this.axis = axis;
},
generateEpicenter : function(x, y, velocity){
if(y < this.height / 2 - this.THRESHOLD || y > this.height / 2 + this.THRESHOLD){
return;
}
var index = Math.round(x / this.pointInterval);
if(index < 0 || index >= this.points.length){
return;
}
this.points[index].interfere(y, velocity);
},
reverseVertical : function(){
this.reverse = !this.reverse;
for(var i = 0, count = this.fishes.length; i < count; i++){
this.fishes[i].reverseVertical();
}
},
controlStatus : function(){
for(var i = 0, count = this.points.length; i < count; i++){
this.points[i].updateSelf();
}
for(var i = 0, count = this.points.length; i < count; i++){
this.points[i].updateNeighbors();
}
if(this.fishes.length < this.fishCount){
if(--this.intervalCount == 0){
this.intervalCount = this.MAX_INTERVAL_COUNT;
this.fishes.push(new FISH(this));
}
}
},
render : function(){
requestAnimationFrame(this.render);
this.controlStatus();
this.context.clearRect(0, 0, this.width, this.height);
this.context.fillStyle = 'hsl(0, 0%, 95%)';
for(var i = 0, count = this.fishes.length; i < count; i++){
this.fishes[i].render(this.context);
}
this.context.save();
this.context.globalCompositeOperation = 'xor';
this.context.beginPath();
this.context.moveTo(0, this.reverse ? 0 : this.height);
for(var i = 0, count = this.points.length; i < count; i++){
this.points[i].render(this.context);
}
this.context.lineTo(this.width, this.reverse ? 0 : this.height);
this.context.closePath();
this.context.fill();
this.context.restore();
}
};
var SURFACE_POINT = function(renderer, x){
this.renderer = renderer;
this.x = x;
this.init();
};
SURFACE_POINT.prototype = {
SPRING_CONSTANT : 0.03,
SPRING_FRICTION : 0.9,
WAVE_SPREAD : 0.3,
ACCELARATION_RATE : 0.01,
init : function(){
this.initHeight = this.renderer.height * this.renderer.INIT_HEIGHT_RATE;
this.height = this.initHeight;
this.fy = 0;
this.force = {previous : 0, next : 0};
},
setPreviousPoint : function(previous){
this.previous = previous;
},
setNextPoint : function(next){
this.next = next;
},
interfere : function(y, velocity){
this.fy = this.renderer.height * this.ACCELARATION_RATE * ((this.renderer.height - this.height - y) >= 0 ? -1 : 1) * Math.abs(velocity);
},
updateSelf : function(){
this.fy += this.SPRING_CONSTANT * (this.initHeight - this.height);
this.fy *= this.SPRING_FRICTION;
this.height += this.fy;
},
updateNeighbors : function(){
if(this.previous){
this.force.previous = this.WAVE_SPREAD * (this.height - this.previous.height);
}
if(this.next){
this.force.next = this.WAVE_SPREAD * (this.height - this.next.height);
}
},
render : function(context){
if(this.previous){
this.previous.height += this.force.previous;
this.previous.fy += this.force.previous;
}
if(this.next){
this.next.height += this.force.next;
this.next.fy += this.force.next;
}
context.lineTo(this.x, this.renderer.height - this.height);
}
};
var FISH = function(renderer){
this.renderer = renderer;
this.init();
};
FISH.prototype = {
GRAVITY : 0.4,
init : function(){
this.direction = Math.random() < 0.5;
this.x = this.direction ? (this.renderer.width + this.renderer.THRESHOLD) : -this.renderer.THRESHOLD;
this.previousY = this.y;
this.vx = this.getRandomValue(4, 10) * (this.direction ? -1 : 1);
if(this.renderer.reverse){
this.y = this.getRandomValue(this.renderer.height * 1 / 10, this.renderer.height * 4 / 10);
this.vy = this.getRandomValue(2, 5);
this.ay = this.getRandomValue(0.05, 0.2);
}else{
this.y = this.getRandomValue(this.renderer.height * 6 / 10, this.renderer.height * 9 / 10);
this.vy = this.getRandomValue(-5, -2);
this.ay = this.getRandomValue(-0.2, -0.05);
}
this.isOut = false;
this.theta = 0;
this.phi = 0;
},
getRandomValue : function(min, max){
return min + (max - min) * Math.random();
},
reverseVertical : function(){
this.isOut = !this.isOut;
this.ay *= -1;
},
controlStatus : function(context){
this.previousY = this.y;
this.x += this.vx;
this.y += this.vy;
this.vy += this.ay;
if(this.renderer.reverse){
if(this.y > this.renderer.height * this.renderer.INIT_HEIGHT_RATE){
this.vy -= this.GRAVITY;
this.isOut = true;
}else{
if(this.isOut){
this.ay = this.getRandomValue(0.05, 0.2);
}
this.isOut = false;
}
}else{
if(this.y < this.renderer.height * this.renderer.INIT_HEIGHT_RATE){
this.vy += this.GRAVITY;
this.isOut = true;
}else{
if(this.isOut){
this.ay = this.getRandomValue(-0.2, -0.05);
}
this.isOut = false;
}
}
if(!this.isOut){
this.theta += Math.PI / 20;
this.theta %= Math.PI * 2;
this.phi += Math.PI / 30;
this.phi %= Math.PI * 2;
}
this.renderer.generateEpicenter(this.x + (this.direction ? -1 : 1) * this.renderer.THRESHOLD, this.y, this.y - this.previousY);
if(this.vx > 0 && this.x > this.renderer.width + this.renderer.THRESHOLD || this.vx < 0 && this.x < -this.renderer.THRESHOLD){
this.init();
}
},
render : function(context){
context.save();
context.translate(this.x, this.y);
context.rotate(Math.PI + Math.atan2(this.vy, this.vx));
context.scale(1, this.direction ? 1 : -1);
context.beginPath();
context.moveTo(-30, 0);
context.bezierCurveTo(-20, 15, 15, 10, 40, 0);
context.bezierCurveTo(15, -10, -20, -15, -30, 0);
context.fill();
context.save();
context.translate(40, 0);
context.scale(0.9 + 0.2 * Math.sin(this.theta), 1);
context.beginPath();
context.moveTo(0, 0);
context.quadraticCurveTo(5, 10, 20, 8);
context.quadraticCurveTo(12, 5, 10, 0);
context.quadraticCurveTo(12, -5, 20, -8);
context.quadraticCurveTo(5, -10, 0, 0);
context.fill();
context.restore();
context.save();
context.translate(-3, 0);
context.rotate((Math.PI / 3 + Math.PI / 10 * Math.sin(this.phi)) * (this.renderer.reverse ? -1 : 1));
context.beginPath();
if(this.renderer.reverse){
context.moveTo(5, 0);
context.bezierCurveTo(10, 10, 10, 30, 0, 40);
context.bezierCurveTo(-12, 25, -8, 10, 0, 0);
}else{
context.moveTo(-5, 0);
context.bezierCurveTo(-10, -10, -10, -30, 0, -40);
context.bezierCurveTo(12, -25, 8, -10, 0, 0);
}
context.closePath();
context.fill();
context.restore();
context.restore();
this.controlStatus(context);
}
};
$(function(){
RENDERER.init();
});