Handler 、 Looper 、Message

分析:

Looper:prepare和loop

1 public static final void prepare() {
2         if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
3             throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
4         }
5         sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(true));
6 }

由上述方法可知,第5行新建一个Looper实例然后添加到sThreadLocal中,上面首先判断sThreadLocal是否为空,若不为空则抛出异常,说明Looper.prepare()方法不能被调用两次,同时也保证了一个线程中只有一个Looper实例

Looper的构造方法:

1 private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
2         mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
3         mRun = true;
4         mThread = Thread.currentThread();
5 }

由第2行可知创建了一个MessageQueue消息队列

loop方法:

 1 public static void loop() {
 2         final Looper me = myLooper();
 3         if (me == null) {
 4             throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
 5         }
 6         final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
 7 
 8         // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
 9         // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
10         Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
11         final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
12 
13         for (;;) {
14             Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
15             if (msg == null) {
16                 // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
17                 return;
18             }
19 
20             // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
21             Printer logging = me.mLogging;
22             if (logging != null) {
23                 logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
24                         msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
25             }
26 
27             msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
28 
29             if (logging != null) {
30                 logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
31             }
32 
33             // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
34             // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
35             final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
36             if (ident != newIdent) {
37                 Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
38                         + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
39                         + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
40                         + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
41                         + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
42             }
43 
44             msg.recycle();
45         }
46 }

第2行调用myLooper():其源码为

public static Looper myLooper() {
return sThreadLocal.get();
}

Return the Looper object associated with the current thread.返回与当前线程相关联的looper对象赋给me,如果me为null则抛异常,表示looper方法必须在prepare方法之后运行

注:但是有一个疑问:首先贴上我们平常创建handler的代码:

 1 public class MainActivity extends Activity {
 2     
 3     private Handler handler1;
 4     
 5     private Handler handler2;
 6 
 7     @Override
 8     protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
 9         super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
10         setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
11         handler1 = new Handler();
12         new Thread(new Runnable() {
13             @Override
14             public void run() {
15                 handler2 = new Handler();
16             }
17         }).start();
18     }
19 
20 }

运行会发现在子线程中创建的Handler是会导致程序崩溃的,提示的错误信息为 Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare() 。说是不能在没有调用Looper.prepare() 的线程中创建Handler,所以在里面添加Looper.prepare(); 该行代码后就正常了,但是主线程中也没有添加改行代码,为何就不崩溃呢?原因在于程序启动的时候,系统已经帮我们自动调用了Looper.prepare()方法,上ActivityThread中的main()方法的源码:

 1 public static void main(String[] args) {
 2     SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
 3     CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);
 4     Environment.initForCurrentUser();
 5     EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());
 6     Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
 7     Looper.prepareMainLooper();
 8     ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
 9     thread.attach(false);
10     if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
11         sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
12     }
13     AsyncTask.init();
14     if (false) {
15         Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
16     }
17     Looper.loop();
18     throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
19 }

由第7行可知调用了 Looper.prepareMainLooper();方法,而该方法又会去调用Looper.prepare()方法:

1 public static final void prepareMainLooper() {
2     prepare();
3     setMainLooper(myLooper());
4     if (Process.supportsProcesses()) {
5         myLooper().mQueue.mQuitAllowed = false;
6     }
7 }

第2行可知,至此搞清楚了我们应用程序的主线程中会始终存在一个Looper对象,从而不需要再手动去调用Looper.prepare()方法

 

第6行:拿到该looper实例中的mQueue(消息队列)
13到45行:就进入了我们所说的无限循环。
14行:取出一条消息,如果没有消息则阻塞。
27行:使用调用 msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);把消息交给msg的target的dispatchMessage方法去处理。Msg的target是什么呢?其实就是handler对象,下面会进行分析。
44行:释放消息占据的资源。

由上述分析可知;Looper主要作用:
1、 与当前线程绑定,保证一个线程只会有一个Looper实例,同时一个Looper实例也只有一个MessageQueue。
2、 loop()方法,不断从MessageQueue中去取消息,交给消息的target属性的dispatchMessage去处理。

异步消息处理线程已经有了消息队列(MessageQueue),同时也就有了从消息队列中取对象的东东了(Looper),接下来就是发送消息的Handler

Handler:

我们在使用Handler是都是直接在UI线程中直接new一个实例,具体他是如何跟子线程中的MessageQueue联系上并发送消息的的呢?直接上源码

 1 public Handler() {
 2         this(null, false);
 3 }
 4 public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
 5         if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
 6             final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
 7             if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
 8                     (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
 9                 Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
10                     klass.getCanonicalName());
11             }
12         }
13 
14         mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
15         if (mLooper == null) {
16             throw new RuntimeException(
17                 "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
18         }
19         mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
20         mCallback = callback;
21         mAsynchronous = async;
22     }

14行:通过Looper.myLooper()获取了当前线程保存的Looper实例,然后在19行又获取了这个Looper实例中保存的MessageQueue(消息队列),这样就保证了handler的实例与我们Looper实例中MessageQueue关联上了。

平常我们是如何在子线程中发送消息的呢?

 1 new Thread(new Runnable() {
 2     @Override
 3     public void run() {
 4         Message message = new Message();
 5         message.arg1 = 1;
 6         Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
 7         bundle.putString("data", "data");
 8         message.setData(bundle);
 9         handler.sendMessage(message);
10     }
11 }).start();

由第9行可知我们调用了sendMessage方法,于是我们来看看该方法的源码:

1    public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
2     {
3         return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
4     }

转而会去调用sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);方法:

1    public final boolean sendEmptyMessageDelayed(int what, long delayMillis) {
2         Message msg = Message.obtain();
3         msg.what = what;
4         return sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMillis);
5     }
1  public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
2     {
3         if (delayMillis < 0) {
4             delayMillis = 0;
5         }
6         return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
7     }
 1  public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
 2         MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
 3         if (queue == null) {
 4             RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
 5                     this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
 6             Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
 7             return false;
 8         }
 9         return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
10     }

附新的版本:

 1 public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis)
 2 {
 3     boolean sent = false;
 4     MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
 5     if (queue != null) {
 6         msg.target = this;
 7         sent = queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
 8     }
 9     else {
10         RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
11             this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
12         Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
13     }
14     return sent;
15 }

由上可知Handler中提供了很多个发送消息的方法,其中除了sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue()方法之外,其它的发送消息方法最终都会辗转调用到sendMessageAtTime()方法中,查看该方法源码可知:该方法在内部直接获取了MessageQueue的实例,然后返回调用了enqueueMessage方法,

由第2行代码可知mQueue实例是在Looper的构造方法中创建的消息队列实例对象, 它调用了enqueueMessage方法,可知它是一个消息队列,用于将所有收到的消息以队列的形式进行排列,并提供入队和出队的方法。这个类是在Looper的构造函数中创建的,因此一个Looper也就对应了一个MessageQueue

接着去查看该方法源码:

1  private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
2         msg.target = this;
3         if (mAsynchronous) {
4             msg.setAsynchronous(true);
5         }
6         return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
7     }

enqueueMessage中首先为meg.target赋值为this,【如果大家还记得Looper的loop方法会取出每个msg然后交给msg,target.dispatchMessage(msg)去处理消息】,也就是把当前的handler作为msg的target属性。最终会调用queue的enqueueMessage的方法,也就是说handler发出的消息,最终会保存到消息队列中去

现在已经很清楚了Looper会调用prepare()和loop()方法,在当前执行的线程中保存一个Looper实例,这个实例会保存一个MessageQueue对象,然后当前线程进入一个无限循环中去,不断从MessageQueue中读取Handler发来的消息。然后再回调创建这个消息的handler中的dispathMessage方法,下面我们赶快去看一看这个方法:

 1 public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
 2         if (msg.callback != null) {
 3             handleCallback(msg);
 4         } else {
 5             if (mCallback != null) {
 6                 if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
 7                     return;
 8                 }
 9             }
10             handleMessage(msg);
11         }
12     }

可以看到,第10行,调用了handleMessage方法,下面我们去看这个方法:

  /**
     * Subclasses must implement this to receive messages.
     */
    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
    }
    

可以看到这是一个空方法,为什么呢,因为消息的最终回调是由我们控制的,我们在创建handler的时候都是复写handleMessage方法,然后根据msg.what进行消息处理。

例如:

 1 private Handler mHandler = new Handler()
 2     {
 3         public void handleMessage(android.os.Message msg)
 4         {
 5             switch (msg.what)
 6             {
 7             case value:
 8                 
 9                 break;
10 
11             default:
12                 break;
13             }
14         };
15     };

至此,整个处理机制解释完毕,下面总结一下:

1、首先Looper.prepare()在本线程中保存一个Looper实例,然后该实例中保存一个MessageQueue对象;因为Looper.prepare()在一个线程中只能调用一次,所以MessageQueue在一个线程中只会存在一个。

2、Looper.loop()会让当前线程进入一个无限循环,不端从MessageQueue的实例中读取消息,然后回调msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)方法。

3、Handler的构造方法,会首先得到当前线程中保存的Looper实例,进而与Looper实例中的MessageQueue相关联。

4、Handler的sendMessage方法,会给msg的target赋值为handler自身,然后加入MessageQueue中。

5、在构造Handler实例时,我们会重写handleMessage方法,也就是msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)最终调用的方法。

整个异步处理流程如下图所示:

另外除了发送消息之外,我们还有以下几种方法可以在子线程中进行UI操作:

1. Handler的post()方法

2. View的post()方法

3. Activity的runOnUiThread()方法

我们先来看下Handler中的post()方法,代码如下所示:

1 public final boolean post(Runnable r)
2 {
3    return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
4 }

原来这里还是调用了sendMessageDelayed()方法去发送一条消息啊,并且还使用了getPostMessage()方法将Runnable对象转换成了一条消息,我们来看下这个方法的源码:

1 private final Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
2     Message m = Message.obtain();
3     m.callback = r;
4     return m;
5 }

在这个方法中将消息的callback字段的值指定为传入的Runnable对象。咦?这个callback字段看起来有些眼熟啊,喔!在Handler的dispatchMessage()方法中原来有做一个检查,如果Message的callback等于null才会去调用handleMessage()方法,否则就调用handleCallback()方法。那我们快来看下handleCallback()方法中的代码吧:

1 private final void handleCallback(Message message) {
2     message.callback.run();
3 }

也太简单了!竟然就是直接调用了一开始传入的Runnable对象的run()方法。因此在子线程中通过Handler的post()方法进行UI操作就可以这么写:

 1 public class MainActivity extends Activity {
 2 
 3     private Handler handler;
 4 
 5     @Override
 6     protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
 7         super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
 8         setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
 9         handler = new Handler();
10         new Thread(new Runnable() {
11             @Override
12             public void run() {
13                 handler.post(new Runnable() {
14                     @Override
15                     public void run() {
16                         // 在这里进行UI操作
17                     }
18                 });
19             }
20         }).start();
21     }
22 }

虽然写法上相差很多,但是原理是完全一样的,我们在Runnable对象的run()方法里更新UI,效果完全等同于在handleMessage()方法中更新UI。

然后再来看一下View中的post()方法,代码如下所示:

 1 public boolean post(Runnable action) {
 2     Handler handler;
 3     if (mAttachInfo != null) {
 4         handler = mAttachInfo.mHandler;
 5     } else {
 6         ViewRoot.getRunQueue().post(action);
 7         return true;
 8     }
 9     return handler.post(action);
10 }

原来就是调用了Handler中的post()方法,我相信已经没有什么必要再做解释了。

最后再来看一下Activity中的runOnUiThread()方法,代码如下所示:

1 public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) {
2     if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) {
3         mHandler.post(action);
4     } else {
5         action.run();
6     }
7 }

如果当前的线程不等于UI线程(主线程),就去调用Handler的post()方法,否则就直接调用Runnable对象的run()方法。还有什么会比这更清晰明了的吗?

 

附:关于obtainMessage():

对于handler.obtainMessage()的分析:

1  /**
2      * Returns a new {@link android.os.Message Message} from the global message pool. More efficient than
3      * creating and allocating new instances. The retrieved message has its handler set to this instance (Message.target == this).
4      *  If you don't want that facility, just call Message.obtain() instead.
5      */
6     public final Message obtainMessage()
7     {
8         return Message.obtain(this);
9     }
 1   /**
 2      * Same as {@link #obtain()}, but sets the value for the <em>target</em> member on the Message returned.
 3      * @param h  Handler to assign to the returned Message object's <em>target</em> member.
 4      * @return A Message object from the global pool.
 5      */
 6     public static Message obtain(Handler h) {
 7         Message m = obtain();
 8         m.target = h;
 9 
10         return m;
11     }
 1 /**
 2      * Return a new Message instance from the global pool. Allows us to
 3      * avoid allocating new objects in many cases.
 4      */
 5     public static Message obtain() {
 6         synchronized (sPoolSync) {
 7             if (sPool != null) {
 8                 Message m = sPool;
 9                 sPool = m.next;
10                 m.next = null;
11                 sPoolSize--;
12                 return m;
13             }
14         }
15         return new Message();
16     }

从上面源码可知:obtainMessage()会在内部调用obtain(Handler h) ,接着会在内部调用Message m = obtain();而从obtain()源码中可以看出它会首先从全局消息池中取出message实例,如果池中没有时才会创建新的Message实例,所以在性能上会比直接new Message对象更好一些

posted @ 2015-05-31 10:09  CoolRandy  阅读(322)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报