定语从句

（一）定义及术语

（二）关系代词引导的定语从句

（三）介词+关系代词 引导的定语从句

（四）关系副词引导的定语从句

（五）限制性、非限制性定语从句

（六）关系代词和关系副词的选择

（七）but也可引导定语从句

 

 

（一）定义及术语

修饰名词代词，一般紧跟先行词后

先行词：被修饰

关系词：引导从句

　　关系代词：that/which  who/whom whose/as etc.

　　关系副词：when where why etc.

　　作用：引导从句；代替先行词；作为从句一部分。 The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.

（二）关系代词引导的定语从句

1. who 指人，从句中作主语

The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

Those who want to go to museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.

Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.

That is the teacher who teaches our physics.

2. whom 指人，做宾语，常可省略

Mr Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.

Li Ming is just the boy (whom) I want to see.

The professor (whom) you are waiting for has come.

The girl (whom) the teacher often praises is our monitor.

Attention: whom在口语和非正式场合常可用who代替，也可省略。

3.which 指物，作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略

Footbal is a game which is liked by most boys.

The factory which makes computers is far away from here.

He likes to read books (which) are written by foreign writers.

The house which is by the lake looks nice.

This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.

4. that 指物相当于which;指人相当于who/whom,可做主语、宾语，做宾语是可省略

The number of people that/who come to visit this city reaches one million.

Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

The person that/whom you introduced to me is very kind.

The season that/which comes after spring is summer.

Yesterday I received a letter that/which came from Australia.

5. whose 指人、指物，做定语

I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.

He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

He once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.

Attention:指物时常有下列结构

The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

Do you like the book whose cover is green?

Do you like the book the cover of which is green?

 

(三)介词+关系代词 引导的定语从句

1. 关系代词在定语从句中做宾语，从句常由 介词+关系代词 引出

The school which/that he once studied in is very famous.

The school in which he once studied is very famous.

Tomorrow I will bring here the magazine which/that you asked for.

Tomorrow I will bring here the magazine for which you asked.

This is the boy who/whom/that he played tennis with yesterday.

This is the boy with whom he played tennis yesterday.

We will go to hear the famous singer whom/who/that we have often talked about.

We will go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.

The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.

Attention:

(1)含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词后，如 look for, look after, take care of ect.

This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for.

The babies (whom/who/that) the nurse is  looking after are very health.

(2)若介词放在了关系代词前（介词+关系代词），指人只能用whom ，指物只能用which，所有格用whose。不可用that/who

The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.

The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.

(3)介词+关系代词 前可有 some/any/none/all/both/neither/many/most/each/few etc. 等代词或数词

句型： ......,... of which/whom.

He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are kind to him.

In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

There are 40 students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.

 

（四）关系副词引导的定语从句

1. when 指时间，做时间状语

I still remember the day when I first came to this school.

The time when we got together finally arrived.

October 1, 1949 is the day when People's Republic of China was founded.

Do you remember the years when you lived in countryside with your grandparents?

2. where 指地点， 做地点状语

Shanghai is the city where I was born.

The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

I visited the farm where a lot of rows were raised.

Is this the place where we fought the enemy?

3. why 指原因，做原因状语

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.

I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

Attention:关系副词引导的定语从句常可用 介词+关系代词 引导的定于从句来表示

Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live.

The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.

From the years when/in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.

 

(五)限制性、非限制性定语从句

1. 限制性定语从句

不用逗号，不可缺少，译为“...的”

关系词：做宾语时可省略，可用that，可用who代替whom

The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.

China is a country which has a long history.

In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.

2. 非限制行定语从句

用逗号与主句分割，补充说明先行词，可删除，译为主句的并列句

关系词，不可省略，不用that，不可用who代替whom

His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.

China, which is founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.

Last summer I visited the People's Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year.

3.限制性定语从句只能用that的情况

（1）先行词是不定代词 everything/anything/nothing(something除外)/all/none/few/little/some ect.

先行词受以下词修饰：all/every/any/some/no/little/few/much etc.

Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li said?

There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.

All that can be done has been done.

There is little that I can do for you.

He stayed in the library and looked up any information that he needed.

Attention: 先行词是人时，偶尔可用who

Any man that/who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.

All the guests that/who were invited to her wedding were important people.

(2)序数词修饰先行词

The first place that he visited in London was the Big Ben.

(3)最高级修饰先行词

This is the best film that I have ever seen.

(4)the very/the only修饰先行词

This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.(这正是我要买的字典)

After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.

Attention: 先行词指人，也可用who

Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.

(5)先行词前有who which等疑问代词时

Who is the man that is standing by the gate?

Which is the T-shirts that fits me most?

(6)先行词是 人+物 或 人+动物

They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school.

Looking at the man and his donkey(毛驴) that are walking up the street.

 4.关系代词as和which引导的非限制性定语从句

(1) as/which 做主语、宾语代表前面整个句子

He married her, as/which was natural.

He is honest, as/which we can see.

(2)which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后

as引导的非限制性定于从句，可以放在主句之前、之后、分割主句，常有 正如、正像 的含义

As is known to all, China is a developing country.

He is from south, as we can know from his accent.

John, as you know, is a famous writer.

Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don't believe.

(3)主句和从句存在因果关系时，常用 which

Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.

These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.

(4)先行词受such,the same修饰，常用as

I've never heard such stories as he tells.

He is not such a fool as he looks.

This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.

Attention: the same修饰先行词时，that也可引导从句，意思和as引导的稍有差别

She wore the same dress that she wore at Marry's wedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条裙子

She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙

5.the way为先行词的限制性定语从句常由in which/that引导，可省略

The way (that/in which) he answered these questions is surprising.

I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.

 

（六）关系代词和关系副词的选择

看关系词在从句中的成分

I know a place where we can have a picnic.

I know a place that/which is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.

I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.

I will never forget the days that/which we spent together.

This is the reason why he was dismissed.

This is the reason that/which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.

 

(七)but也可引导定语从句

There are very few but(who don't) admire his talents.

 

[参考：blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_489d22700101oaf7.html]