实验6 文件I/O与异常处理
实验任务1:
1.源代码
#pragma once #include <iomanip> #include <iostream> #include <string> struct Contestant { long id; // 学号 std::string name; // 姓名 std::string major; // 专业 int solved; // 解题数 int penalty; // 总罚时 }; // 重载<< // 要求:姓名/专业里不含空白符 inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Contestant& c) { out << std::left; out << std::setw(15) << c.id << std::setw(15) << c.name << std::setw(15) << c.major << std::setw(10) << c.solved << std::setw(10) << c.penalty; return out; } // 重载>> inline std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& in, Contestant& c) { in >> c.id >> c.name >> c.major >> c.solved >> c.penalty; return in; }
#pragma once #include <fstream> #include <iostream> #include <stdexcept> #include <string> #include <vector> #include "contestant.hpp" // ACM 排序规则:先按解题数降序,再按罚时升序 inline bool cmp_by_solve(const Contestant& a, const Contestant& b) { if(a.solved != b.solved) return a.solved > b.solved; return a.penalty < b.penalty; } // 将结果写至任意输出流 inline void write(std::ostream& os, const std::vector<Contestant>& v) { for (const auto& x : v) os << x << '\n'; } // 将结果打印到屏幕 inline void print(const std::vector<Contestant>& v) { write(std::cout, v); } // 将结果保存到文件 inline void save(const std::string& filename, const std::vector<Contestant>& v) { std::ofstream os(filename); if (!os) throw std::runtime_error("fail to open " + filename); write(os, v); } // 从文件读取信息(跳过标题行) inline std::vector<Contestant> load(const std::string& filename) { std::ifstream is(filename); if (!is) throw std::runtime_error("fail to open " + filename); std::string line; std::getline(is, line); // 跳过标题 std::vector<Contestant> v; Contestant t; int seq; while (is >> seq >> t) v.push_back(t); return v; }
#include <algorithm> #include <iostream> #include <stdexcept> #include <vector> #include "contestant.hpp" #include "utils.hpp" const std::string in_file = "./data.txt"; const std::string out_file = "./ans.txt"; void app() { std::vector<Contestant> contestants; try { contestants = load(in_file); std::sort(contestants.begin(), contestants.end(), cmp_by_solve); print(contestants); save(out_file, contestants); } catch (const std::exception& e) { std::cerr << e.what() << '\n'; return; } } int main() { app(); }
2.运行测试截图

ans.txt

3.问题回答
问题一:
答:
(1)std::cout是std::ostream的实例,std::ofstream继承自std::ostream,C++ 中基类引用可以绑定到派生类对象
(2)不用,只要输出设备对应的流类继承自std::ostream,write()的std::ostream&参数可直接适配
问题二:
答:
出现在utils.hpp的save()和load()函数中
(1)save()中:std::ofstream os(filename)打开文件失败时抛出。
load()中:std::ifstream is(filename)打开文件失败时抛出。
(2)通过try-catch块捕获std::exception,打印异常信息,避免程序崩溃。
问题三:
答:可以,功能、性能、结果完全一致,Lambda 表达式作为匿名函数,无需单独定义函数
问题四:
答:
(1)

程序会抛出异常,operator>>重载按id/name/major/solved/penalty的顺序读取,如果缺失字段,会触发流状态错误,load()中循环读取失败,最终数据读取不完整。
实验任务2:
1.源代码
#pragma once #include <iostream> #include <string> class Student { public: Student() = default; ~Student() = default; const std::string get_major() const; int get_grade() const; friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Student& s); friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, Student& s); private: int id; std::string name; std::string major; int grade; // 0-100 };
#include "student.hpp" #include <stdexcept> #include <iostream> #include <sstream> const std::string Student::get_major() const { return major; } int Student::get_grade() const { return grade; } std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Student& s) { os << s.id << "\t" << s.name << "\t" << s.major << "\t" << s.grade; return os; } std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, Student& s) { if (!(is >> s.id)) { throw std::runtime_error("学号无效:应为整数类型"); } if (!(is >> s.name)) { throw std::runtime_error("姓名字段缺失或格式异常"); } if (!(is >> s.major)) { throw std::runtime_error("专业字段缺失或格式异常"); } std::string grade_str; if (!(is >> grade_str)) { throw std::runtime_error("成绩无效:字段缺失(未提供成绩信息)"); } try { size_t pos; s.grade = std::stoi(grade_str, &pos); if (pos != grade_str.length()) { throw std::invalid_argument("包含非数字字符"); } } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) { throw std::runtime_error("成绩无效:应为整数类型"); } catch (const std::out_of_range&) { throw std::runtime_error("成绩无效:数字超出整数存储范围"); } if (s.grade < 0) { throw std::invalid_argument("成绩无效:小于最小值0(合法范围0-100)"); } else if (s.grade > 100) { throw std::invalid_argument("成绩无效:大于最大值100(合法范围0-100)"); } return is; }
#pragma once #include <string> #include <vector> #include "student.hpp" class StuMgr { public: void load(const std::string& file); // 加载数据文件(空格分隔) void sort(); // 排序: 按专业字典序升序、同专业分数降序 void print() const; // 打印到屏幕 void save(const std::string& file) const; // 保存到文件 private: void write(std::ostream &os) const; // 把数据写到任意输出流 private: std::vector<Student> students; };
#include "stumgr.hpp" #include <fstream> #include <algorithm> #include <stdexcept> #include <iostream> #include <limits> void StuMgr::load(const std::string& file) { std::ifstream ifs(file); if (!ifs.is_open()) { throw std::runtime_error("cannot open file: " + file); } students.clear(); Student temp_stu; int line_num = 0; while (ifs) { line_num++; try { ifs >> temp_stu; if (ifs.eof()) break; students.push_back(temp_stu); } catch (const std::exception& e) { std::cerr << "Error: line " << line_num << ": " << e.what() <<"\n"; ifs.clear(); ifs.ignore(std::numeric_limits<std::streamsize>::max(), '\n'); // 忽略当前行剩余内容 } } ifs.close(); } void StuMgr::sort() { if (students.empty()) { std::cout << "(empty)\n"; return; } std::sort(students.begin(), students.end(), [](const Student& a, const Student& b) { if (a.get_major() != b.get_major()) { return a.get_major() < b.get_major(); } return a.get_grade() > b.get_grade(); }); } void StuMgr::print() const { write(std::cout); } void StuMgr::save(const std::string& file) const { std::ofstream ofs(file); if (!ofs.is_open()) { throw std::runtime_error("cannot open file: " + file); } write(ofs); ofs.close(); } void StuMgr::write(std::ostream& os) const { for (const auto& stu : students) { os << stu << "\n"; } }
#include <iostream> #include <limits> #include <string> #include "stumgr.hpp" const std::string in_file = "./data.txt"; const std::string out_file = "./ans.txt"; void menu() { std::cout << "\n**********简易应用**********\n" "1. 加载文件\n" "2. 排序\n" "3. 打印到屏幕\n" "4. 保存到文件\n" "5. 退出\n" "请选择:"; } void app() { StuMgr mgr; while(true) { menu(); int choice; std::cin >> choice; try { switch (choice) { case 1: mgr.load(in_file); std::cout << "加载成功\n"; break; case 2: mgr.sort(); std::cout << "排序已完成\n"; break; case 3: mgr.print(); std::cout << "打印已完成\n"; break; case 4: mgr.save(out_file); std::cout << "导出成功\n"; break; case 5: return; default: std::cout << "不合法输入\n"; } } catch (const std::exception& e) { std::cout << "Error: " << e.what() << '\n'; } } } int main() { app(); }
2.运行测试截图





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