$ sudo find / -name docker.service

$ vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service
$ vim /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service

将以下内容添加到docker.service文件中
在[Service]下添加代理信息
Environment="HTTPS_PROXY=SOCKS5://127.0.0.1:1080" "HTTP_PROXY=SOCKS5://127.0.0.1:1080"
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker
测试成功！