实验四 决策树
|所在班级|机器学习|
|实验要求|作业要求|
|学习目标|理解朴素贝叶斯算法原理，掌握朴素贝叶斯算法框架|
|学号|3180701322|
一、【实验目的】
理解决策树算法原理，掌握决策树算法框架；
理解决策树学习算法的特征选择、树的生成和树的剪枝；
能根据不同的数据类型，选择不同的决策树算法；
针对特定应用场景及数据，能应用决策树算法解决实际问题。
二、【实验内容】
设计算法实现熵、经验条件熵、信息增益等方法。
实现ID3算法。
熟悉sklearn库中的决策树算法；
针对iris数据集，应用sklearn的决策树算法进行类别预测。
针对iris数据集，利用自编决策树算法进行类别预测。
三、【实验报告要求】
对照实验内容，撰写实验过程、算法及测试结果；
代码规范化：命名规则、注释；
分析核心算法的复杂度；
查阅文献，讨论ID3、5算法的应用场景；
查询文献，分析决策树剪枝策略。
四、【实验运行内容】
1.设计算法实现熵、经验条件熵、信息增益等方法。
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from collections import Counter
import math
from math import log
import pprint
def create_data():
datasets = [['青年', '否', '否', '一般', '否'],
['青年', '否', '否', '好', '否'],
['青年', '是', '否', '好', '是'],
['青年', '是', '是', '一般', '是'],
['青年', '否', '否', '一般', '否'],
['中年', '否', '否', '一般', '否'],
['中年', '否', '否', '好', '否'],
['中年', '是', '是', '好', '是'],
['中年', '否', '是', '非常好', '是'],
['中年', '否', '是', '非常好', '是'],
['老年', '否', '是', '非常好', '是'],
['老年', '否', '是', '好', '是'],
['老年', '是', '否', '好', '是'],
['老年', '是', '否', '非常好', '是'],
['老年', '否', '否', '一般', '否'],
]
labels = [u'年龄', u'有工作', u'有自己的房子', u'信贷情况', u'类别']
# 返回数据集和每个维度的名称
return datasets, labels
datasets, labels = create_data()
train_data = pd.DataFrame(datasets, columns=labels)
train_data
X, y = data[:,:-1], data[:,-1] # 数据类型转换，为了后面的数学计算
# 熵
def calc_ent(datasets):
data_length = len(datasets)
label_count = {}
for i in range(data_length):
label = datasets[i][-1]
if label not in label_count:
label_count[label] = 0
label_count[label] += 1
ent = -sum([(p/data_length)*log(p/data_length, 2) for p in label_count.values()])
return ent
# 经验条件熵
def cond_ent(datasets, axis=0):
data_length = len(datasets)
feature_sets = {}
for i in range(data_length):
feature = datasets[i][axis]
if feature not in feature_sets:
feature_sets[feature] = []
feature_sets[feature].append(datasets[i])
cond_ent = sum(
[(len(p) / data_length) * calc_ent(p) for p in feature_sets.values()])
return cond_ent
# 信息增益
def info_gain(ent, cond_ent):
return ent - cond_ent
def info_gain_train(datasets):
count = len(datasets[0]) - 1
ent = calc_ent(datasets)
best_feature = []
for c in range(count):
c_info_gain = info_gain(ent, cond_ent(datasets, axis=c))
best_feature.append((c, c_info_gain))
print('特征({}) - info_gain - {:.3f}'.format(labels[c], c_info_gain))
# 比较大小
best_ = max(best_feature, key=lambda x: x[-1])
return '特征({})的信息增益最大，选择为根节点特征'.format(labels[best_[0]])
info_gain_train(np.array(datasets))
2.利用ID3算法生成决策树
（1）定义节点类 二叉树
class Node:
def __init__(self, root=True, label=None, feature_name=None, feature=None):
self.root = root
self.label = label
self.feature_name = feature_name
self.feature = feature
self.tree = {}
self.result = {'label:': self.label, 'feature': self.feature, 'tree': self.tree}
def __repr__(self):
return '{}'.format(self.result)
def add_node(self, val, node):
self.tree[val] = node
def predict(self, features):
if self.root is True:
return self.label
return self.tree[features[self.feature]].predict(features)
class DTree:
def __init__(self, epsilon=0.1):
self.epsilon = epsilon
self._tree = {}
# 熵
@staticmethod
def calc_ent(datasets):
data_length = len(datasets)
label_count = {}
for i in range(data_length):
label = datasets[i][-1]
if label not in label_count:
label_count[label] = 0
label_count[label] += 1
ent = -sum([(p/data_length)*log(p/data_length, 2) for p in label_count.values()])
return ent
# 经验条件熵
def cond_ent(self, datasets, axis=0):
data_length = len(datasets)
feature_sets = {}
for i in range(data_length):
feature = datasets[i][axis]
if feature not in feature_sets:
feature_sets[feature] = []
feature_sets[feature].append(datasets[i])
cond_ent = sum([(len(p)/data_length)*self.calc_ent(p) for p in feature_sets.values()])
return cond_ent
# 信息增益
@staticmethod
def info_gain(ent, cond_ent):
return ent - cond_ent
def info_gain_train(self, datasets):
count = len(datasets[0]) - 1
ent = self.calc_ent(datasets)
best_feature = []
for c in range(count):
c_info_gain = self.info_gain(ent, self.cond_ent(datasets, axis=c))
best_feature.append((c, c_info_gain))
# 比较大小
best_ = max(best_feature, key=lambda x: x[-1])
return best_
def train(self, train_data):
"""
input:数据集D(DataFrame格式)，特征集A，阈值eta
output:决策树T
"""
_, y_train, features = train_data.iloc[:, :-1], train_data.iloc[:, -1], train_data.columns[:-1]
# 1,若D中实例属于同一类Ck，则T为单节点树，并将类Ck作为结点的类标记，返回T
if len(y_train.value_counts()) == 1:
return Node(root=True,
label=y_train.iloc[0])
# 2, 若A为空，则T为单节点树，将D中实例树最大的类Ck作为该节点的类标记，返回T
if len(features) == 0:
return Node(root=True, label=y_train.value_counts().sort_values(ascending=False).index[0])
# 3,计算最大信息增益 同5.1,Ag为信息增益最大的特征
max_feature, max_info_gain = self.info_gain_train(np.array(train_data))
max_feature_name = features[max_feature]
# 4,Ag的信息增益小于阈值eta,则置T为单节点树，并将D中是实例数最大的类Ck作为该节点的类标记，返回T
if max_info_gain < self.epsilon:
return Node(root=True, label=y_train.value_counts().sort_values(ascending=False).index[0])
# 5,构建Ag子集
node_tree = Node(root=False, feature_name=max_feature_name, feature=max_feature)
feature_list = train_data[max_feature_name].value_counts().index
for f in feature_list:
sub_train_df = train_data.loc[train_data[max_feature_name] == f].drop([max_feature_name], axis=1)
# 6, 递归生成树
sub_tree = self.train(sub_train_df)
node_tree.add_node(f, sub_tree)
# pprint.pprint(node_tree.tree)
return node_tree
def fit(self, train_data):
self._tree = self.train(train_data)
return self._tree
def predict(self, X_test):
return self._tree.predict(X_test)
datasets, labels = create_data()
data_df = pd.DataFrame(datasets, columns=labels)
dt = DTree()
tree = dt.fit(data_df)
tree
dt.predict(['老年', '否', '否', '一般'])
# data
def create_data():
iris = load_iris()
df = pd.DataFrame(iris.data, columns=iris.feature_names)
df['label'] = iris.target
df.columns = ['sepal length', 'sepal width', 'petal length', 'petal width', 'label']
data = np.array(df.iloc[:100, [0, 1, -1]])
# print(data)
return data[:,:2], data[:,-1]
X, y = create_data()
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3)
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
from sklearn.tree import export_graphviz
import graphviz
clf = DecisionTreeClassifier()
clf.fit(X_train, y_train,)
clf.score(X_test, y_test)
tree_pic = export_graphviz(clf, out_file="mytree.pdf")
with open('mytree.pdf') as f:
dot_graph = f.read()
graphviz.Source(dot_graph)
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
from sklearn import preprocessing
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from sklearn import tree
import graphviz
features = ["年龄", "有工作", "有自己的房子", "信贷情况"]
X_train = pd.DataFrame([
["青年", "否", "否", "一般"],
["青年", "否", "否", "好"],
["青年", "是", "否", "好"],
["青年", "是", "是", "一般"],
["青年", "否", "否", "一般"],
["中年", "否", "否", "一般"],
["中年", "否", "否", "好"],
["中年", "是", "是", "好"],
["中年", "否", "是", "非常好"],
["中年", "否", "是", "非常好"],
["老年", "否", "是", "非常好"],
["老年", "否", "是", "好"],
["老年", "是", "否", "好"],
["老年", "是", "否", "非常好"],
["老年", "否", "否", "一般"]
])
y_train = pd.DataFrame(["否", "否", "是", "是", "否",
"否", "否", "是", "是", "是",
"是", "是", "是", "是", "否"])
# 数据预处理
le_x = preprocessing.LabelEncoder()
le_x.fit(np.unique(X_train))
X_train = X_train.apply(le_x.transform)
le_y = preprocessing.LabelEncoder()
le_y.fit(np.unique(y_train))
y_train = y_train.apply(le_y.transform)
# 调用sklearn.DT建立训练模型
model_tree = DecisionTreeClassifier()
model_tree.fit(X_train, y_train)
# 可视化
dot_data = tree.export_graphviz(model_tree, out_file=None,
feature_names=features,
class_names=[str(k) for k in np.unique(y_train)],
filled=True, rounded=True,
special_characters=True)
graph = graphviz.Source(dot_data)
graph
import numpy as np
class LeastSqRTree:
def __init__(self, train_X, y, epsilon):
# 训练集特征值
self.x = train_X
# 类别
self.y = y
# 特征总数
self.feature_count = train_X.shape[1]
# 损失阈值
self.epsilon = epsilon
# 回归树
self.tree = None
def _fit(self, x, y, feature_count, epsilon):
# 选择最优切分点变量j与切分点s
(j, s, minval, c1, c2) = self._divide(x, y, feature_count)
# 初始化树
tree = {"feature": j, "value": x[s, j], "left": None, "right": None}
if minval < self.epsilon or len(y[np.where(x[:, j] <= x[s, j])]) <= 1:
tree["left"] = c1
else:
tree["left"] = self._fit(x[np.where(x[:, j] <= x[s, j])],
y[np.where(x[:, j] <= x[s, j])],
self.feature_count, self.epsilon)
if minval < self.epsilon or len(y[np.where(x[:, j] > s)]) <= 1:
tree["right"] = c2
else:
tree["right"] = self._fit(x[np.where(x[:, j] > x[s, j])],
y[np.where(x[:, j] > x[s, j])],
self.feature_count, self.epsilon)
return tree
def fit(self):
self.tree = self._fit(self.x, self.y, self.feature_count, self.epsilon)
@staticmethod
def _divide(x, y, feature_count):
# 初始化损失误差
cost = np.zeros((feature_count, len(x)))
# 公式5.21
for i in range(feature_count):
for k in range(len(x)):
# k行i列的特征值
value = x[k, i]
y1 = y[np.where(x[:, i] <= value)]
c1 = np.mean(y1)
y2 = y[np.where(x[:, i] > value)]
c2 = np.mean(y2)
y1[:] = y1[:] - c1
y2[:] = y2[:] - c2
cost[i, k] = np.sum(y1 * y1) + np.sum(y2 * y2)
# 选取最优损失误差点
cost_index = np.where(cost == np.min(cost))
# 选取第几个特征值
j = cost_index[0][0]
# 选取特征值的切分点
s = cost_index[1][0]
# 求两个区域的均值c1,c2
c1 = np.mean(y[np.where(x[:, j] <= x[s, j])])
c2 = np.mean(y[np.where(x[:, j] > x[s, j])])
return j, s, cost[cost_index], c1, c2
train_X = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]]).T
y = np.array([4.50, 4.75, 4.91, 5.34, 5.80, 7.05, 7.90, 8.23, 8.70, 9.00])
model_tree = LeastSqRTree(train_X, y, .2)
model_tree.fit()
model_tree.tree
五、实验小结
本次实验学习了决策树决策树算法原理，并且实现了简单的掌握决策树算法，以及决策树学习算法的特征选择、树的生成和树的剪枝，以及决策树的优缺点。
决策树优点:
（1）决策树易于理解和实现. 人们在通过解释后都有能力去理解决策树所表达的意义。
（2）对于决策树，数据的准备往往是简单或者是不必要的 . 其他的技术往往要求先把数据一般化，比如去掉多余的或者空白的属性。
（3）能够同时处理数据型和常规型属性。其他的技术往往要求数据属性的单一。
（4）在相对短的时间内能够对大型数据源做出可行且效果良好的结果。
（5）对缺失值不敏感。
（6）可以处理不相关特征数据。
（7）效率高，决策树只需要一次构建，反复使用，每一次预测的最大计算次数不超过决策树的深度。
决策树缺点:
（1)对连续性的字段比较难预测。
（2）对于各类别样本数量不一致的数据, 信息增益偏向于那些更多数值的特征。
（3）容易过拟合。
（4）忽略属性之间的相关性。
决策树剪枝策略：
预剪枝：是在决策树的生成过程中，对每个结点在划分前先进行估计，若当前结点的划分不能带来决策树泛化性能提升，则停止划分即结束树的构建并将当前节点标记为叶结点；
后剪枝：是先从训练集生成一棵完整的决策树，然后自底向上地对叶结点进行考察，若将该结点对应的子树替换为叶结点能带来决策树泛化为性能提升，则将该子树替换为叶结点。泛化性能的提升可以使用交叉验证数据来检查修剪的效果，通过使用交叉验证数据，测试扩展节点是否会带来改进。如果显示会带来改进，那么我们可以继续扩展该节点。但是，如果精度降低，则不应该扩展，节点应该转换为叶节点。
