java基础---多态（一）
1.什么是多态？
同一个引用类型，使用不同的实例而执行不同操作（父类引用，子类对象）
2.如何实现多态
1-使用多态实现思路
2-编写父类
3-编写子类，子类重写父类方法
运行时，使用父类的类型，子类的对象
向上转型 Pet pet = new Dog(); 自动类型转换
注意：实现多态的两个要素：子类重写父类方法、使用父类的类型
3.实现多态的两种形式
使用父类作为方法形参实现多态
使用父类作为方法返回值实现多态
4.使用父类作为方法形参实现多态
举例：
public class Master{
/*
* 1.首先在父类提取子类的共同的方法 抽取方法
* 2.使用多态实现
*
*/
public void feed(Pet pet){
pet.eat();
}
}
package text;
public abstract class Pet {
/*宠物类*/
private String name;
private int love;
private int health;
//默认访问权限
int num;
/*
* get.set
*
* */
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getLove() {
return love;
}
public void setLove(int love) {
this.love = love;
}
public int getHealth() {
return health;
}
public void setHealth(int health) {
this.health = health;
}
/*
*
* 带参数的方法
*
* */
public Pet(String name, int love, int health) {
super();
this.name = name;
this.love = love;
this.health = health;
}
/*
*
*
* 不带参数的方法
*
* */
public Pet() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
//重写
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Pet [name=" + name + ", love=" + love + ", health=" + health
+ ", num=" + num + "]";
}
//抽象方法
public abstract void print();
//多态
public abstract void eat();
}
package text;
public class Dog extends Pet{
private String strain;
/*
* get.set
*
* */
public String getStrain() {
return strain;
}
public void setStrain(String strain) {
this.strain = strain;
}
/*
*
* 带参数的方法
*
* */
public Dog(String name, int love, int health, String strain) {
super(name, love, health);
this.strain = strain;
}
/*
*
* 不带参数的方法
*
* */
public Dog() {
super();
System.out.println(super.num); //默认访问权限
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
//重写
public void print() {
System.out.println("name="+super.getName()+"love="+super.getLove()+"health="+super.getHealth()+"strain="+strain);
}
//多态
@Override
public void eat(){
System.out.println("dog eat...");
super.setHealth(getHealth()+3);
}
}
package text;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//多态
Dog d=new Dog("00",100, 60, "金毛");
Master m=new Master();
m.feed(d);
System.out.println("dog="+d.getHealth());
}
}
6. 使用父类作为方法返回值实现多态
举例：
package text2;
public class Master{
public Pet getPet(String typeId){
Pet p=null;
if (typeId.equals("dog")) {
p=new Dog("dd",10,10,"金毛");
}else if(typeId.equals("penguin")){
p=new Penguin();
}
return p;
}
}
package text2;
public class Dog extends Pet{
private String strain;
/*
* get.set
*
* */
public String getStrain() {
return strain;
}
public void setStrain(String strain) {
this.strain = strain;
}
/*
*
* 带参数的方法
*
* */
public Dog(String name, int love, int health, String strain) {
super(name, love, health);
this.strain = strain;
}
/*
*
* 不带参数的方法
*
* */
public Dog() {
super();
System.out.println(super.num); //默认访问权限
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
//重写
public void print() {
System.out.println("name="+super.getName()+"love="+super.getLove()+"health="+super.getHealth()+"strain="+strain);
}
@Override
public void eat() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
System.out.println("dog eat...");
}
}
package text2;
public abstract class Pet {
/*宠物类*/
private String name;
private int love;
private int health;
//默认访问权限
int num;
/*
* get.set
*
* */
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getLove() {
return love;
}
public void setLove(int love) {
this.love = love;
}
public int getHealth() {
return health;
}
public void setHealth(int health) {
this.health = health;
}
/*
*
* 带参数的方法
*
* */
public Pet(String name, int love, int health) {
super();
this.name = name;
this.love = love;
this.health = health;
System.out.println("父类有参的构造方法");
}
/*
*
*
* 不带参数的方法
*
* */
public Pet() {
super();
System.out.println("父类无参的构造方法");
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
//重写
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Pet [name=" + name + ", love=" + love + ", health=" + health
+ ", num=" + num + "]";
}
//抽象方法
public abstract void print();
//多态
public abstract void eat();
}
package text2;
public class Penguin extends Pet{
private String gender;
/*
* get.set
*
* */
public String getGender() {
return gender;
}
public void setGender(String gender) {
this.gender = gender;
}
/*
*
* 带参数的方法
*
* */
public Penguin(String name, int love, int health, String gender) {
super(name, love, health);
this.gender = gender;
}
/*
*
* 不带参数的方法
*
* */
public Penguin() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
//重写
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("name="+super.getName()+"love="+super.getLove()+"health="+super.getHealth()+"strain="+gender);
}
@Override
public void eat(){
System.out.println("penguin eat...");
}
}
package text2;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
/*
* 多态的第二重实现
* 父类作为返回值
*
*/
Master m=new Master();
Pet p=m.getPet("dog");
p.eat();
}
}
7.多态的高级转低级（父类到子类的转换）
package test3;
public class Master{
public void feed(Pet pet){
/*
* 主人和宠物玩耍
* 多态的高级转低级
* a instanceof b
* */
public void play(Pet pet){
if (pet instanceof Dog) {
Dog d=(Dog) pet;
d.catchingFlyingDisks();
}else if(pet instanceof Penguin){
Penguin p=(Penguin) pet;
p.swimming();
}
}
}
package test3;
public class Dog extends Pet{
private String strain;
/*
* get.set
*
* */
public String getStrain() {
return strain;
}
public void setStrain(String strain) {
this.strain = strain;
}
/*
*
* 带参数的方法
*
* */
public Dog(String name, int love, int health, String strain) {
super(name, love, health);
this.strain = strain;
}
/*
*
* 不带参数的方法
*
* */
public Dog() {
super();
System.out.println(super.num); //默认访问权限
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
//重写
@Override
public void print() { System.out.println("name="+super.getName()+"love="+super.getLove()+"health="+super.getHealth()+"strain="+strain);
}
//多态
@Override
public void eat(){
System.out.println("dog eat...");
super.setHealth(getHealth()+3);
}
/*
* 玩飞盘
* 狗狗的健康值-10
* 可爱值 +5
*
*/
public void catchingFlyingDisks(){
System.out.println("狗狗和主人玩劫飞盘的游戏");
super.setHealth(super.getHealth()-10);
super.setLove(super.getLove()+5);
}
}
package test3;
public class Penguin extends Pet{
private String gender;
/*
* get.set
*
* */
public String getGender() {
return gender;
}
public void setGender(String gender) {
this.gender = gender;
}
/*
*
* 带参数的方法
*
* */
public Penguin(String name, int love, int health, String gender) {
super(name, love, health);
this.gender = gender;
}
/*
*
* 不带参数的方法
*
* */
public Penguin() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
//重写
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("name="+super.getName()+"love="+super.getLove()+"health="+super.getHealth()+"strain="+gender);
}
@Override
public void eat(){
System.out.println("penguin eat...");
super.setHealth(super.getHealth()+3);
}
/*
*
* 游泳
*
* */
public void swimming(){
System.out.println("企鹅和主人一起游泳");
super.setHealth(super.getHealth()-20);
super.setLove(super.getLove());
}
}
package test3;
public abstract class Pet {
/*宠物类*/
private String name;
private int love;
private int health;
//默认访问权限
int num;
/*
* get.set
*
* */
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getLove() {
return love;
}
public void setLove(int love) {
this.love = love;
}
public int getHealth() {
return health;
}
public void setHealth(int health) {
this.health = health;
}
/*
*
* 带参数的方法
*
* */
public Pet(String name, int love, int health) {
super();
this.name = name;
this.love = love;
this.health = health;
}
/*
*
*
* 不带参数的方法
*
* */
public Pet() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
/*
*
* 打印print
*
* */
/*public void print(){
System.out.println("name="+name+"love"+love+"health"+health);
}* /
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Pet [name=" + name + ", love=" + love + ", health=" + health
+ ", num=" + num + "]";
}
/*抽象方法*/
public abstract void print();
//多态
public abstract void eat();
}
package test3;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Master m=new Master();
Pet p1=new Dog("aa",100,100,"土狗");
Pet p2=new Penguin("q妹",30,30,"母");
m.play(p1);
System.out.println(p1.toString());
}
}
心得:public void play(Pet pet) 实现父转子的一个实现
主人有一个独特的方法-玩，宠物有独特的方法游泳、接飞盘。主人可以和狗狗玩或者企鹅玩，但是它们属于子类中定义的，不是父类中定义的也不是子类重写父类的，不能够直接调用，需要把pet转为dog/penguin。
8.总结
1-多态可以减少类中代码量，可以提高代码的可扩展性和可维护性
2-向上转型——子类转换为父类，自动进行类型转换
3-向下转型——父类转换为子类，结合instanceof运算符进行强制类型转换
4-实现多态的两种方式
使用父类作为方法形参实现多态
使用父类作为方法返回值实现多态
练习：租车
训练要点：
1.多态的使用
2.使用父类类型作为方法参数
需求说明：
1.在前面汽车租赁系统的基础上，实现计算多种车辆总租金的
功能
2.现在有客户租用
2辆宝马
1辆别克商务舱
1辆金龙（34）座
租5天共多少租金？
package two;
public abstract class MotorVehicle {
private String no;
private String brand;
private String color;
private String mileage;
public MotorVehicle(String no, String brand, String color, String mileage) {
super();
this.no = no;
this.brand = brand;
this.color = color;
this.mileage = mileage;
}
public MotorVehicle() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
public String getNo() {
return no;
}
public void setNo(String no) {
this.no = no;
}
public String getBrand() {
return brand;
}
public void setBrand(String brand) {
this.brand = brand;
}
public String getColor() {
return color;
}
public void setColor(String color) {
this.color = color;
}
public String getMileage() {
return mileage;
}
public void setMileage(String mileage) {
this.mileage = mileage;
}
/*
* 計算租賃價格、
* */
public abstract double calcRent(int days);
}
package two;
public final class Bus extends MotorVehicle{
private int seatCount;
public int getSeatCount() {
return seatCount;
}
public void setSeatCount(int seatCount) {
this.seatCount = seatCount;
}
public Bus(String no, String brand, String color, String mileage,
int seatCount) {
super(no, brand, color, mileage);
this.seatCount = seatCount;
}
public Bus() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
/*
*
* 客车租赁价格
*
*
* */
@Override
public double calcRent(int days) {
double rent=0;
int seat=this.seatCount;
if(seat<16) {
rent=800*days;
}else {
rent=1500*days;
}
return rent;
}
}
package two;
/*
* 小轿车
* final不可以被继承
*
* */
public final class Car extends MotorVehicle{
private String type;
public String getType() {
return type;
}
public void setType(String type) {
this.type = type;
}
public Car(String no, String brand, String color, String mileage,
String type) {
super(no, brand, color, mileage);
this.type = type;
}
public Car() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
/*
* 小轎車租賃方法
* */
@Override
public double calcRent(int days) {
double rent=0;
String type=this.type;
if(type.equals("550i")) {
rent=500*days;
}else if(type.equals("別克商務艙GL8")) {
rent=600*days;
}else if(type.equals("別克林蔭大道")) {
rent=300*days;
}
return rent;
}
}
package two;
/*
* 客戶類
* */
public class Customer {
private String name;
private String no;
public Customer(String name, String no) {
super();
this.name = name;
this.no = no;
}
public Customer() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getNo() {
return no;
}
public void setNo(String no) {
this.no = no;
}
/*
* 計算客戶租車縂租金
* */
public double calcTotalRent(MotorVehicle[] motos,int days) {
double rent=0;
for (int i = 0; i < motos.length; i++) {
rent+=motos[i].calcRent(days);
}
return rent;
}
}
package two;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MotorVehicle[] motos=new MotorVehicle[5];
motos[0]=new Car("金A12345","宝马","red","5w","550i");
motos[1]=new Car("金A12346","别克","red","10w","550i");
motos[2]=new Car("金A12347","别克","red","15w","550i");
motos[3]=new Bus("金A12348","金龙","red","5w",20);
motos[4]=new Truck("金A12349","金杯","red","5w",10);
int days=10;
Customer c=new Customer();
double rent=c.calcTotalRent(motos, days);
System.out.println("5辆车的总租金"+rent);
}
}
心得: 先写一个父类，之后写俩个子类
然后写一个客户类customer，写入计算总租金的方法
Car和bus分别写入各自的计算方法。
练习：购置新车
1.训练要点：
使用父类作为方法形参实现多态
使用多态增强系统的扩展性和可维护性
2.需求说明：
新购置了卡车，根据吨位，租金每吨每天50
对系统进行扩展，计算汽车租赁的总租金
package two;
public class Truck extends MotorVehicle {
private int ton;
public int getTon() {
return ton;
}
public void setTon(int ton) {
this.ton = ton;
}
public Truck(String no, String brand, String color, String mileage, int ton) {
super(no, brand, color, mileage);
this.ton = ton;
}
@Override
public double calcRent(int days) {
double rent=0;
rent=50*days*days*this.ton;
return rent;
}
}
练习：披萨
package lx1;
//披薩
public abstract class Pizza {
private String name;
private double price;
private String size;
public Pizza(String name, double price, String size) {
super();
this.name = name;
this.price = price;
this.size = size;
}
public Pizza() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public double getPrice() {
return price;
}
public void setPrice(double price) {
this.price = price;
}
public String getSize() {
return size;
}
public void setSize(String size) {
this.size = size;
}
//製作
public abstract void make();
}
package lx1;
public class BaconPizza extends Pizza {
private String kilo;
public BaconPizza(String name, double price, String size, String kilo) {
super(name, price, size);
this.kilo = kilo;
}
public BaconPizza() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
public String getKilo() {
return kilo;
}
public void setKilo(String kilo) {
this.kilo = kilo;
}
@Override
public void make() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
System.out.println("name="+super.getName());
System.out.println("price="+super.getPrice());
System.out.println("size="+super.getSize());
System.out.println("kilo="+kilo);
}
}
package lx1;
public class SeafoodPizza extends Pizza {
private String ingredient;
public SeafoodPizza(String name, double price, String size, String ingredient) {
super(name, price, size);
this.ingredient = ingredient;
}
public SeafoodPizza() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
public String getIngredient() {
return ingredient;
}
public void setIngredient(String ingredient) {
this.ingredient = ingredient;
}
@Override
public void make() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
System.out.println("name="+super.getName());
System.out.println("price="+super.getPrice());
System.out.println("size="+super.getSize());
System.out.println("ingredient="+ingredient);
}
}
package lx1;
public class PizzaFactory {
/*
*
* 工厂
*
* */
public void makePizza(Pizza pizza) {
pizza.make();
}
}
package lx1;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
PizzaFactory pf=new PizzaFactory();
Pizza baconpizza=new BaconPizza("培根", 100, "9寸", "500g");
Pizza seafoodpizza=new SeafoodPizza("海鲜", 100, "9寸", "蝦仁 鱿鱼卷 墨鱼");
pf.makePizza(baconpizza);
System.out.println("***************");
pf.makePizza(seafoodpizza);
}
}
