Python 中操作mysql,pymysql与sqlachemy
1 pymysql的作用:
pymysql是python的一个模块,作用是基本的做到在python里边与mysql数据库连接与操作。
2 pyMySQL的安装:
pip install pymysql
3 pymysql在什么情景下使用:
一般在其他较复杂的模块中起到基础的作用,算是底层建筑
4 pymysql使用方法:
1 执行sql语句
import pymysql
# 创建连接
conn = pymysql.
connect
(host=
'127.0.0.1'
, port=3306,
user
=
'root'
, passwd=
'123'
, db=
't1',charset='utf8'
)
# 创建游标
cursor
= conn.
cursor
()
# 执行SQL,并返回收影响行数
effect_row =
cursor
.
execute
(
"update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2'"
)
# 执行SQL,并返回受影响行数
effect_row =
cursor
.
execute
(
"update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2' where nid > %s"
, (1,))
# 执行SQL,并返回受影响行数
try: # 执行sql语句
cursor.execute(sql) # 提交到数据库执行
conn.commit()
except: # 如果发生错误则回滚
conn.rollback()
effect_row =
cursor
.executemany(
"insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)"
, [(
"1.1.1.11"
,1),(
"1.1.1.11"
,2)])
# 提交,不然无法保存新建或者修改的数据
conn.
commit
()
# 关闭游标
cursor
.
close
()
# 关闭连接
conn.
close
()
2 获取新创建数据自增ID
# 获取最新自增ID
new_id =
cursor
.lastrowid
3 获取查询的数据
# 获取第一行数据
row_1 =
cursor
.fetchone()
# 获取前n行数据
row_2 =
cursor
.fetchmany(3)
# 获取所有数据
row_3 =
cursor
.fetchall()
cursor.scroll(1,mode='relative') # 相对当前位置移动
cursor.scroll(2,mode='absolute') # 相对绝对位置移动
4 获取时的数据类型变更
# 游标设置为字典类型
cursor
= conn.
cursor
(
cursor
=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
sqlachemy模块
1 基本说明
SQLAlchemy是python编程语言下的一款ORM框架,该框架建立在数据库API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,简言之便是:将对象转换成SQL,
然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。实现简单高效地管理大量网络化数据;实现信息资源的有效发现、查找、一体化组织和对使用资源的有效管理。
SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库,其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件,Dialect用于和数据API进行交流,根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API,
从而实现对数据库的操作,如
MySQL-Python
mysql+mysqldb://<
user
>:<
password
>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
pymysql
mysql+pymysql://<username>:<
password
>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
MySQL-Connector
mysql+mysqlconnector://<
user
>:<
password
>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
cx_Oracle
oracle+cx_oracle://
user
:pass@host:port/dbname[?
key
=value&
key
=value...]
2 sqlachemy通过pymysql操作数据库语法:
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
#使用pymysql与数据库建立连接 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
# 执行SQLcur = engine.
execute
(
"INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES ('1.1.1.22', 3)")
#以列表形式插入参数
cur = engine.execute
(
"INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)"
,[(
'1.1.1.22'
, 3),(
'1.1.1.221'
, 3),]
)
# 获取第一行数据
cur.fetchone()
# 获取第n行数据
cur.fetchmany(3)
# 获取所有数据
cur.fetchall()
# 新插入行自增ID
cur.lastrowid
3 ORM功能使用
使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象,对象转换成SQL,执行SQL
ORM分两类,一类时db first,一类是code first,sqlachemy就是code first。
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) Base = declarative_base() # 创建单表 class Users(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32)) extra = Column(String(16)) __table_args__ = ( UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'), ) def __repr__(self): return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name) # 一对多 class Favor(Base): __tablename__ = 'favor' nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True) def __repr__(self): return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption) class Person(Base): __tablename__ = 'person' nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True) favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid")) # 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便 favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers') # 多对多 class ServerToGroup(Base): __tablename__ = 'servertogroup' nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id')) group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id')) group = relationship("Group", backref='s2g') server = relationship("Server", backref='s2g') class Group(Base): __tablename__ = 'group' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) port = Column(Integer, default=22) # group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list') class Server(Base): __tablename__ = 'server' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) def init_db(): Base.metadata.create_all(engine) def drop_db(): Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session()
增
obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb') session.add(obj) session.add_all([ Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'), Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'), ]) session.commit()
删
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
改
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"}) session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False) session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate") session.commit()
查
ret = session.query(Users).all() ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first() ret = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(User.id).all() ret = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()
其他
# 条件 ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all() from sqlalchemy import and_, or_ ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter( or_( Users.id < 2, and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3), Users.extra != "" )).all() # 通配符 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all() # 限制 ret = session.query(Users)[1:2] # 排序 ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all() ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all() # 分组 from sqlalchemy.sql import func ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all() ret = session.query( func.max(Users.id), func.sum(Users.id), func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all() ret = session.query( func.max(Users.id), func.sum(Users.id), func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all() # 连表 ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all() ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all() ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all() # 组合 q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) ret = q1.union(q2).all() q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()