广义优先搜索（BFS）

1.使用BFS的两个主要方案：遍历 或 找出最短路径

2. BFS的伪代码：

【模板一】

/**
 * Return the length of the shortest path between root and target node.
 */
int BFS(Node root, Node target) {
    Queue<Node> queue;  // store all nodes which are waiting to be processed
    int step = 0;       // number of steps neeeded from root to current node
    // initialize
    add root to queue;
    // BFS
    while (queue is not empty) {
        step = step + 1;
        // iterate the nodes which are already in the queue
        int size = queue.size();
        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
            Node cur = the first node in queue;
            return step if cur is target;
            for (Node next : the neighbors of cur) {
                add next to queue;
            }
            remove the first node from queue;
        }
    }
    return -1;          // there is no path from root to target
}

 

【模板二】

为了保证代码：不会访问一个结点两次 或 无限循环，可以在【模板一】的基础上添加一个哈希集。

/**
 * Return the length of the shortest path between root and target node.
 */
int BFS(Node root, Node target) {
    Queue<Node> queue;  // store all nodes which are waiting to be processed
    Set<Node> used;     // store all the used nodes
    int step = 0;       // number of steps neeeded from root to current node
    // initialize
    add root to queue;
    add root to used;
    // BFS
    while (queue is not empty) {
        step = step + 1;
        // iterate the nodes which are already in the queue
        int size = queue.size();
        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
            Node cur = the first node in queue;
            return step if cur is target;
            for (Node next : the neighbors of cur) {
                if (next is not in used) {
                    add next to queue;
                    add next to used;
                }
            }
            remove the first node from queue;
        }
    }
    return -1;          // there is no path from root to target
}

补充：不需要使用哈希集的情况：

（1）你完全确定没有循环，例如，在树的遍历中；

（2）你确实希望多次将结点添加到队列中。