什么是智能【待思考】

1、什么是智能？

　　智能——智力和能力，“智”指进行认识活动的某些心理特点，“能”则指进行实际活动的某些心理特点。

　　一些智能行为：学习、推理、思考、规划

　　Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem solving. More generally, it can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.

　　From "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" (1994), an op-ed statement in the Wall Street Journal signed by fifty-two researchers (out of 131 total invited to sign):

A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings—"catching on," "making sense" of things, or "figuring out" what to do.^[7]

　　From Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns (1995), a report published by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association:

Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. Although these individual differences can be substantial, they are never entirely consistent: a given person's intellectual performance will vary on different occasions, in different domains, as judged by different criteria. Concepts of "intelligence" are attempts to clarify and organize this complex set of phenomena. Although considerable clarity has been achieved in some areas, no such conceptualization has yet answered all the important questions, and none commands universal assent. Indeed, when two dozen prominent theorists were recently asked to define intelligence, they gave two dozen, somewhat different, definitions.

2、机器学习VS人工智能

　　机器学习

　　研究计算机怎样模拟或实现人类的学习行为，以获取新的知识或技能，重新组织已有的知识结构使之不断改善自身的性能。

　　Machine learning is the scientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to perform a specific task without using explicit instructions, relying on patterns and inference instead. It is seen as a subset of artificial intelligence. （计算机系统依赖于模式和推断执行任务而不是精细的指导。）

　　人工智能

　　企图了解智能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人类智能相似的方式做出反应的智能机器。

　　In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals. A more elaborate definition characterizes AI as “a system’s ability to correctly interpret external data, to learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation.” Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving".（设备感知环境并做出行动来最大化完成目标的机会，模仿人类思维。）

3、应用面向问题

　　感受、识别、推理/思考、规划/决策、行动。

　　感受——从环境提取初始数据，将数据转换成便于识别的特征 （传感器、特征提取）

 

　　识别——将特征匹配到概念/事实 （分类模型）

　　推理——事实与其他概念之间的关系（知识库）

　　决策——由推理结果生成执行命令 

　　行动——执行命令影响外部环境  （操作系统）

　　特征提取应该是一种知识，深度神经网络模型抽取到较好的特征，再由其他分类方法和学习方法连接到概念。识别可能面临未知概念，要有教授、学习的过程，多个个体对统一概念有不同的认知，需要相互平衡达成统一（或许不用）。推理部分值得关注，因果或者相关性，或者以前的经验如何提炼成知识，或者只是抽样压缩存储下来。决策从一个推断出的事实转化为行动，对环境产生影响。

　　高智能可能的产生方式：持续学习获取知识--知识整合为知识库--结合知识库做推理或决策--价值评判（目标函数）

　　支线：群体智能--多智能体和涌现行为

4、问题面向应用

　　

To be continued