xingyemdd

导航

 
Python笔记19（Django中form与model form的用法）

一、内容回顾

书籍的增删改例子对之前的内容进行一下总结：

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.


class Publisher(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32, unique=True, verbose_name="出版社名称")
    address = models.TextField(verbose_name="出版社地址")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "出版社"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class Author(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=12)
    gender = models.SmallIntegerField(
        choices=((0, "女"), (1, "男"), (2, "保密")),
        default=2
    )
    age = models.IntegerField()

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Book(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=32, unique=True)
    # auto_now_add:创建时间  auto_add:修改时间
    publish_date = models.DateField(auto_now_add=True)
    phone = models.CharField(max_length=11, unique=True, null=True, blank=True)
    publisher = models.ForeignKey(to="Publisher", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(to="Author")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title
models.py
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app01 import views

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),

    url(r'^book_list/$', views.book_list),
    url(r'^add_book/$', views.add_book),
    url(r'^edit_book/(\d+)/$', views.edit_book),  # edit_book(request, id)
]
urls.py
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from app01 import models
from django import forms
# Create your views here.


# 自定义一个form类
class BookForm(forms.Form):
    title = forms.CharField(max_length=12)
    publish_date = forms.DateField()
    phone = forms.CharField(max_length=11)
    publisher = forms.ChoiceField()
    authors = forms.ChoiceField()


def book_list(request):
    data = models.Book.objects.all()
    # return render(request, "book_list.html", {"data": data})
    # locals()以字典的形式把当前作用域的变量表示出来
    return render(request, "book_list.html", locals())


def add_book(request):
    if request.method == "POST":
        # 从用户提交过来的数据中取数据
        title = request.POST.get("title")
        publish_date = request.POST.get("publish_date")
        phone = request.POST.get("phone")
        publisher = request.POST.get("publisher")
        authors = request.POST.getlist("authors")

        # 去数据库创建书籍
        book_obj = models.Book.objects.create(
            title=title,
            publish_date=publish_date,
            publisher_id=publisher,
        )
        book_obj.authors.add(*authors)  # add接收一个一个的值，直接传列表不行需要打散
        return redirect("/book_list/")

    publisher_list = models.Publisher.objects.all()
    author_list = models.Author.objects.all()
    return render(request, "add_book.html", locals())


def edit_book(request, pk):
    book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(id=pk).first()
    if request.method == "POST":
        # 从用户提交过来的数据中取数据
        title = request.POST.get("title")
        publish_date = request.POST.get("publish_date")
        publisher = request.POST.get("publisher")
        authors = request.POST.getlist("authors")
        # 去数据库更新对应的书籍
        book_obj.title = title
        book_obj.publish_date = publish_date
        book_obj.publisher_id = publisher
        book_obj.save()
        book_obj.authors.set(authors)  # 让ORM去更新第三张关系表
        return redirect("/book_list/")

    publisher_list = models.Publisher.objects.all()
    author_list = models.Author.objects.all()
    return render(request, "edit_book.html", locals())
views.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>添加书籍</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>添加书籍</h1>
<form action="" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <p>书名：
        <input type="text" name="title">
    </p>
    <p>出版日期：
        <input type="date" name="publish_date">
    </p>
    <p>
        出版社：
        <select name="publisher">
            {% for publisher in publisher_list %}
                <option value="{{ publisher.id }}">{{ publisher.name }}</option>
            {% endfor %}
        </select>
    </p>
    <p>作者：
        <select name="authors" multiple>
            {% for author in author_list %}
                <option value="{{ author.id }}">{{ author.name }}</option>
            {% endfor %}
        </select>
    </p>
    <input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
add_book.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<a href="/add_book/">添加书籍</a>
<table border="1">
    <tbody>
    {% for book in data %}
        <tr>
            <td>{{ forloop.counter }}</td>
            <td>{{ book.id }}</td>
            <td>{{ book.title }}</td>
            <td>{{ book.publish_date }}</td>
            <td>{{ book.publisher }}</td>
            <td>{{ book.authors.all }}</td>
            <td>
                <a href="">删除</a>
                <a href="/edit_book/{{ book.id }}/">编辑</a>
            </td>
        </tr>
    {% endfor %}

    </tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
book_list.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>编辑书籍</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>编辑书籍</h1>
<form action="" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <p>书名：
        <input type="text" name="title" value="{{ book_obj.title }}">
    </p>
    <p>出版日期：
        <input type="date" name="publish_date" value="{{ book_obj.publish_date|date:'Y-m-d' }}">
    </p>
    <p>
        出版社：
        <select name="publisher">
            {% for publisher in publisher_list %}
                {% if publisher.id == book_obj.publisher_id %}
                    <option selected value="{{ publisher.id }}">{{ publisher.name }}</option>
                {% else %}
                    <option value="{{ publisher.id }}">{{ publisher.name }}</option>
                {% endif %}
            {% endfor %}
        </select>
    </p>
    <p>作者：
        <select name="authors" multiple>
            {% for author in author_list %}
                {% if author in book_obj.authors.all %}
                    <option selected value="{{ author.id }}">{{ author.name }}</option>
                {% else %}
                    <option value="{{ author.id }}">{{ author.name }}</option>
                {% endif %}
            {% endfor %}
        </select>
    </p>
    <input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
edit_book.html

二、Django form表单

1、form介绍

我们之前在HTML页面中利用form表单向后端提交数据时，都会写一些获取用户输入的标签并且用form标签把它们包起来。

与此同时我们在好多场景下都需要对用户的输入做校验，比如校验用户是否输入，输入的长度和格式等正不正确。如果用户输入的内容有错误就需要在页面上相应的位置显示对应的错误信息.。

Django form组件就实现了上面所述的功能。

总结一下，其实form组件的主要功能如下:

  • 生成页面可用的HTML标签
  • 对用户提交的数据进行校验
  • 保留上次输入内容

 2、常用字段

创建Form类时，主要涉及到 【字段】 和 【插件】，字段用于对用户请求数据的验证，插件用于自动生成HTML；

1）initial

始值，input框里面的初始值。

class LoginForm(forms.Form):
    username = forms.CharField(
        min_length=8,
        label="用户名",
        initial="张三"  # 设置默认值
    )
    pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=6, label="密码")

2）error_messages

重写错误信息。

class LoginForm(forms.Form):
    username = forms.CharField(
        min_length=8,
        label="用户名",
        initial="张三",
        error_messages={
            "required": "不能为空",
            "invalid": "格式错误",
            "min_length": "用户名最短8位"
        }
    )
    pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=6, label="密码")

3）password

class LoginForm(forms.Form):
    ...
    pwd = forms.CharField(
        min_length=6,
        label="密码",
        widget=forms.widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'c1'}, render_value=True)
    )

4）radioSelect

单radio值为字符串。

class LoginForm(forms.Form):
    username = forms.CharField(
        min_length=8,
        label="用户名",
        initial="张三",
        error_messages={
            "required": "不能为空",
            "invalid": "格式错误",
            "min_length": "用户名最短8位"
        }
    )
    pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=6, label="密码")
    gender = forms.fields.ChoiceField(
        choices=((1, "男"), (2, "女"), (3, "保密")),
        label="性别",
        initial=3,
        widget=forms.widgets.RadioSelect()
    )

5）单选Select

class LoginForm(forms.Form):
    ...
    hobby = forms.fields.ChoiceField(
        choices=((1, "篮球"), (2, "足球"), (3, "双色球"), ),
        label="爱好",
        initial=3,
        widget=forms.widgets.Select()
    )

6）多选Select

class LoginForm(forms.Form):
    ...
    hobby = forms.fields.MultipleChoiceField(
        choices=((1, "篮球"), (2, "足球"), (3, "双色球"), ),
        label="爱好",
        initial=[1, 3],
        widget=forms.widgets.SelectMultiple()
    )

7）单选checkbox

class LoginForm(forms.Form):
    ...
    keep = forms.fields.ChoiceField(
        label="是否记住密码",
        initial="checked",
        widget=forms.widgets.CheckboxInput()
    )

8）多选checkbox

class LoginForm(forms.Form):
    ...
    hobby = forms.fields.MultipleChoiceField(
        choices=((1, "篮球"), (2, "足球"), (3, "双色球"),),
        label="爱好",
        initial=[1, 3],
        widget=forms.widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple()
    )

关于choice的注意事项：

在使用选择标签时，需要注意choices的选项可以从数据库中获取，方法一但是由于是静态字段 ***获取的值无法实时更新***，那么需要自定义构造方法从而达到此目的，例如方法二。

from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields

 
class MyForm(Form):
 
    user = fields.ChoiceField(
        # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
        initial=2,
        widget=widgets.Select
    )
 
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(MyForm,self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        # self.fields['user'].choices = ((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),)
        # 或
        self.fields['user'].choices = models.Classes.objects.all().values_list('id','caption')
方法一
from django import forms
from django.forms import fields
from django.forms import models as form_model

 
class FInfo(forms.Form):
    authors = form_model.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())  # 多选
    # authors = form_model.ModelChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())  # 单选
方法二

3、form组件校验数据有效性

1）内置的校验规则

     1. require=True    该字段必填
     2. max_length      该字段的最大长度
     3. min_length      该字段的最小长度

2）自定义校验规则

     1. phone的格式 利用内置的正则校验器
      from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
      validators=[RegexValidator(r'^1[356789]\d{9}$', "手机号码格式不正确")],
     2. 手机号的唯一性校验
      手写一个校验函数
      # 自定义一个字段的校验规则函数
      def phone_validate(value):
       # 拿用户填写的手机号去数据库查找有没有
       is_exist = models.Book.objects.filter(phone=value)
       if is_exist:
        # 如果该手机号已经被使用就不能再注册
        raise ValidationError("该手机号已经被注册！")
       else:
        return value

3）使用钩子函数做校验

     1. 局部钩子（hook）
      在form类内部定义一个 clean_字段名() 方法
          # 自定义一个局部钩子函数   clean_title表示要对title字段做有效性的校验
       def clean_title(self):
        value = self.cleaned_data.get("title")  #可以得到校验title有效性的字典
        # 判断有没有敏感词
        if "alex" in value:
         raise ValidationError("alex已被河蟹...")
        else:
         return value
      
     2. 全局钩子
      在form类内部定义一个 clean() 方法
          def clean(self):
        # 可以从self.cleaned_data取到所有字段的数据
        # self.add_error("字段", "密码和确认密码不一致")
        pass

4、使用form表单书籍的添加与修改的示例

from django.db import models


# Create your models here.


class Publisher(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32, unique=True, verbose_name="出版社名称")
    address = models.TextField(verbose_name="出版社地址")

    # 使用__str__表示明确想要给用户展示对象的哪个字段
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "出版社"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class Author(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=12)
    gender = models.SmallIntegerField(
        choices=((0, "女"), (1, "男"), (2, "保密")),
        default=2
    )
    age = models.IntegerField()

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Book(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=32, unique=True)
    # auto_now_add:创建时间  auto_add:修改时间
    publish_date = models.DateField(auto_now_add=True)
    # null = True 可以为空  不需要指定默认值   但是在Django admin页面添加时还是必填项
    # blank=True 可以控制在Django admin页面 可以不填  必须有null = True  才能使用blank=True
    phone = models.CharField(max_length=11, unique=True, null=True, blank=True)
    publisher = models.ForeignKey(to="Publisher", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(to="Author")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title
models.py
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app01 import views

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),

    url(r'^book_list/$', views.book_list),
    url(r'^add_book/$', views.add_book),
    url(r'^edit_book/(\d+)/$', views.edit_book),  # edit_book(request, id)
]
urls.py
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect, HttpResponse
from app01 import models
from django import forms
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator  # 正则需要引入的包
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError


# Create your views here.


# 自定义一个字段的校验规则函数
def phone_validate(value):
    # 拿用户填写的手机号去数据库查找有没有
    is_exist = models.Book.objects.filter(phone=value)
    if is_exist:
        # 如果该手机号已经被使用就不能再注册
        raise ValidationError("该手机号已经被注册！")
    else:
        return value


# 自定义一个form类
class BookForm(forms.Form):
    title = forms.CharField(
        max_length=12,
        min_length=6,
        label="书名",
        # initial="书名的默认值",
        widget=forms.widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class": "form-control"})
    )
    publish_date = forms.DateField(
        label="出版日期",
        # 使用 widget插件 改变input生成类型，attrs可以设置标签的属性
        widget=forms.widgets.DateInput(attrs={"type": "date", "class": "form-control"})
    )
    phone = forms.CharField(
        max_length=11,
        # required=False, # 不是必填
        # 自定义错误规则   phone_validate为自定义规则的函数名称
        # validators=[RegexValidator(r'^1[356789]\d{9}$', "手机号码格式不正确"), phone_validate], # RegexValidator中，第一参数为规则，第二个参数为错误提示
        validators=[RegexValidator(r'^1[356789]\d{9}$', "手机号码格式不正确")],
        widget=forms.widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class": "form-control"})
    )

    # 如果项目不停 那么Publisher只会实例化一次 项目中一般不使用此方法
    # publisher = forms.ChoiceField(
    #     # choices=models.Publisher.objects.values_list("id", "name"),
    #     widget=forms.widgets.Select()
    # )

    # 使用ModelChoiceField 会和数据库中的对象进行绑定
    publisher = forms.ModelChoiceField(
        queryset=models.Publisher.objects.all(),
        widget=forms.widgets.Select(attrs={"class": "form-control"})
    )

    # 动态添加数据还是不会显示数据
    # authors = forms.ChoiceField(
    #     choices=models.Author.objects.values_list("id", "name"),
    #     widget=forms.widgets.SelectMultiple()
    # )

    #
    authors = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(
        queryset=models.Author.objects.all(),
        widget=forms.widgets.SelectMultiple(attrs={"class": "form-control"})
    )

    # 自定义一个局部钩子函数   clean_title表示要对title字段做有效性的校验
    def clean_title(self):
        value = self.cleaned_data.get("title")  # 可以得到校验title有效性的字典
        # 判断有没有敏感词
        if "alex" in value:
            raise ValidationError("alex已被河蟹...")
        else:
            return value

    # 全局钩子函数
    def clean(self):
        # 可以从self.cleaned_data取到所有字段的数据
        # self.add_error("字段", "密码和确认密码不一致")
        pass


def book_list(request):
    data = models.Book.objects.all()
    # return render(request, "book_list.html", {"data": data})
    # locals()以字典的形式把当前作用域的变量表示出来
    return render(request, "book_list.html", locals())


def add_book(request):
    form_obj = BookForm()
    if request.method == "POST":
        # 从用户提交过来的数据中取数据
        # 做校验
        form_obj = BookForm(request.POST)
        if form_obj.is_valid():  # 做数据有效性的校验
            # 去数据库创建新的数据
            print(form_obj.cleaned_data)  # 得到的是一个字典，包含post所有提交的属性和值
            # 因为有多对多的字段，所以需要额外处理
            # cleaned_data经过校验的有效数据
            authors = form_obj.cleaned_data.pop("authors")
            # 创建新书籍对象  **form_obj.cleaned_data打散
            book_obj = models.Book.objects.create(**form_obj.cleaned_data)
            # 将书籍对象和作者建立关联
            book_obj.authors.add(*authors)
            return redirect("/book_list/")

    return render(request, "add_book.html", locals())


def edit_book(request, pk):
    book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(id=pk).first()
    # book_dict = {
    #     "title": book_obj.title,
    #     "publish_date": book_obj.publish_date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
    # }
    # 把ORM中一个对象 快速转换成 字典格式
    from django.forms import model_to_dict
    book_dict = model_to_dict(book_obj)  # 使用此方法不会显示日期，有点小问题
    book_dict["publish_date"] = book_obj.publish_date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")  # 所以对日期单独设置
    print(book_dict)
    print("=" * 120)
    # form_obj = BookForm({"title": "书的默认值呀2", "publish_date": "2018-01-01"})
    form_obj = BookForm(book_dict)
    if request.method == "POST":
        # 从用户提交过来的数据中取数据
        form_obj = BookForm(request.POST)
        if form_obj.is_valid():
            # 去数据库更新对应的书籍
            book_obj.title = form_obj.cleaned_data.get("title")
            book_obj.publish_date = form_obj.cleaned_data.get("publish_date")
            book_obj.publisher_id = form_obj.cleaned_data.get("publisher")
            book_obj.save()
            book_obj.authors.set(form_obj.cleaned_data.get("authors"))  # 让ORM去更新第三张关系表
            return redirect("/book_list/")

    return render(request, "edit_book.html", locals())
views.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<a href="/add_book/">添加书籍</a>
<table border="1">
    <tbody>
    {% for book in data %}
        <tr>
            <td>{{ forloop.counter }}</td>
            <td>{{ book.id }}</td>
            <td>{{ book.title }}</td>
            <td>{{ book.publish_date }}</td>
            <td>{{ book.publisher }}</td>
            <td>{{ book.authors.all }}</td>
            <td>
                <a href="">删除</a>
                <a href="/edit_book/{{ book.id }}/">编辑</a>
            </td>
        </tr>
    {% endfor %}

    </tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
book_list.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>添加书籍</title>
    <link href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>

<div class="container">
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-8 col-md-offset-2">
            <h1>添加书籍</h1>
            {#novalidate表示不用帮我做校验 autocomplete="off"去掉历史自动填充的提示#}
            <form action="" method="post" novalidate autocomplete="off">
                {% csrf_token %}
                {# 优化前#}
                {#    {{ form_obj.as_p }}#}
                {#                <div class="form-group">#}
                {#                    通过for 与下面的标签建立联系  通过form_obj.title.id_for_label 能够取到label标签用到的id值 #}
                {#                    <label for="{{ form_obj.title.id_for_label }}">{{ form_obj.title.label }}</label>#}
                {#                    {{ form_obj.title }}#}
                {#                </div>#}
                {#                <div class="form-group">#}
                {#                    <label for="{{ form_obj.publish_date.id_for_label }}">{{ form_obj.publish_date.label }}</label>#}
                {#                    {{ form_obj.publish_date }}#}
                {#                </div>#}

                {#                <div class="form-group">#}
                {#                    <label for="{{ form_obj.phone.id_for_label }}">{{ form_obj.phone.label }}</label>#}
                {#                    {{ form_obj.phone }}#}
                {#                </div>#}

                {#                <div class="form-group">#}
                {#                    <label for="{{ form_obj.publisher.id_for_label }}">{{ form_obj.publisher.label }}</label>#}
                {#                    {{ form_obj.publisher }}#}
                {#                </div>#}

                {#                <div class="form-group">#}
                {#                    <label for="{{ form_obj.authors.id_for_label }}">{{ form_obj.authors.label }}</label>#}
                {#                    {{ form_obj.authors }}#}
                {#                </div>#}

                {# 优化后#}
                {% for field in form_obj %}
                    <div class="form-group">
                        <label for="{{ field.id_for_label }}">{{ field.label }}</label>
                        {{ field }}
                        {#展示错误列表中的第一个错误#}
                        <p>{{ field.errors.0 }}</p>
                    </div>
                {% endfor %}
                <input type="submit" class="btn btn-success">
            </form>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

</body>
</html>
add_book.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>编辑书籍</title>
    <link href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>

<div class="container">
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-8 col-md-offset-2">
            <h1>编辑书籍</h1>
            <form action="" method="post">
                {% csrf_token %}
                {% for field in form_obj %}
                    <div class="form-group">
                        <label for="{{ field.id_for_label }}">{{ field.label }}</label>
                        {{ field }}
                        <p>{{ field.errors.0 }}</p>
                    </div>
                {% endfor %}
                <input type="submit" class="btn btn-success">
            </form>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

</body>
</html>
edit_book.html

 5、Django Form所有内置字段

Field
    required=True,               是否允许为空
    widget=None,                 HTML插件
    label=None,                  用于生成Label标签或显示内容
    initial=None,                初始值
    help_text='',                帮助信息(在标签旁边显示)
    error_messages=None,         错误信息 {'required': '不能为空', 'invalid': '格式错误'}
    validators=[],               自定义验证规则
    localize=False,              是否支持本地化
    disabled=False,              是否可以编辑
    label_suffix=None            Label内容后缀
 
 
CharField(Field)
    max_length=None,             最大长度
    min_length=None,             最小长度
    strip=True                   是否移除用户输入空白
 
IntegerField(Field)
    max_value=None,              最大值
    min_value=None,              最小值
 
FloatField(IntegerField)
    ...
 
DecimalField(IntegerField)
    max_value=None,              最大值
    min_value=None,              最小值
    max_digits=None,             总长度
    decimal_places=None,         小数位长度
 
BaseTemporalField(Field)
    input_formats=None          时间格式化   
 
DateField(BaseTemporalField)    格式：2015-09-01
TimeField(BaseTemporalField)    格式：11:12
DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式：2015-09-01 11:12
 
DurationField(Field)            时间间隔：%d %H:%M:%S.%f
    ...
 
RegexField(CharField)
    regex,                      自定制正则表达式
    max_length=None,            最大长度
    min_length=None,            最小长度
    error_message=None,         忽略，错误信息使用 error_messages={'invalid': '...'}
 
EmailField(CharField)      
    ...
 
FileField(Field)
    allow_empty_file=False     是否允许空文件
 
ImageField(FileField)      
    ...
    注：需要PIL模块，pip3 install Pillow
    以上两个字典使用时，需要注意两点：
        - form表单中 enctype="multipart/form-data"
        - view函数中 obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
 
URLField(Field)
    ...
 
 
BooleanField(Field)  
    ...
 
NullBooleanField(BooleanField)
    ...
 
ChoiceField(Field)
    ...
    choices=(),                选项，如：choices = ((0,'上海'),(1,'北京'),)
    required=True,             是否必填
    widget=None,               插件，默认select插件
    label=None,                Label内容
    initial=None,              初始值
    help_text='',              帮助提示
 
 
ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField)
    ...                        django.forms.models.ModelChoiceField
    queryset,                  # 查询数据库中的数据
    empty_label="---------",   # 默认空显示内容
    to_field_name=None,        # HTML中value的值对应的字段
    limit_choices_to=None      # ModelForm中对queryset二次筛选
     
ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField)
    ...                        django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceField
 
 
     
TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField)
    coerce = lambda val: val   对选中的值进行一次转换
    empty_value= ''            空值的默认值
 
MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField)
    ...
 
TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField)
    coerce = lambda val: val   对选中的每一个值进行一次转换
    empty_value= ''            空值的默认值
 
ComboField(Field)
    fields=()                  使用多个验证，如下：即验证最大长度20，又验证邮箱格式
                               fields.ComboField(fields=[fields.CharField(max_length=20), fields.EmailField(),])
 
MultiValueField(Field)
    PS: 抽象类，子类中可以实现聚合多个字典去匹配一个值，要配合MultiWidget使用
 
SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField)
    input_date_formats=None,   格式列表：['%Y--%m--%d', '%m%d/%Y', '%m/%d/%y']
    input_time_formats=None    格式列表：['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M']
 
FilePathField(ChoiceField)     文件选项，目录下文件显示在页面中
    path,                      文件夹路径
    match=None,                正则匹配
    recursive=False,           递归下面的文件夹
    allow_files=True,          允许文件
    allow_folders=False,       允许文件夹
    required=True,
    widget=None,
    label=None,
    initial=None,
    help_text=''
 
GenericIPAddressField
    protocol='both',           both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式
    unpack_ipv4=False          解析ipv4地址，如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1时候，可解析为192.0.2.1， PS：protocol必须为both才能启用
 
SlugField(CharField)           数字，字母，下划线，减号（连字符）
    ...
 
UUIDField(CharField)           uuid类型
Django Form所有内置字段

6、补充进阶

批量添加样式：可通过重写form类的init方法来实现。

class LoginForm(forms.Form):
    username = forms.CharField(
        min_length=8,
        label="用户名",
        initial="张三",
        error_messages={
            "required": "不能为空",
            "invalid": "格式错误",
            "min_length": "用户名最短8位"
        }
    ...

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(LoginForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        for field in iter(self.fields):
            self.fields[field].widget.attrs.update({
                'class': 'form-control'
            })

 

三、Django model form

from django.shortcuts import render, redirect, HttpResponse
from app01 import models
from app01.forms import BookForm, BookModelForm


# Create your views here.


def book_list(request):
    data = models.Book.objects.all()
    # return render(request, "book_list.html", {"data": data})
    # locals()以字典的形式把当前作用域的变量表示出来
    return render(request, "book_list.html", locals())


def add_book(request):
    form_obj = BookModelForm()
    if request.method == "POST":
        # 从用户提交过来的数据中取数据
        # 做校验
        form_obj = BookModelForm(request.POST)
        if form_obj.is_valid():  # 做数据有效性的校验
            form_obj.save()  # 表示创建
            return redirect("/book_list/")
    return render(request, "add_book.html", locals())


def edit_book(request, pk):
    book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(id=pk).first()
    form_obj = BookModelForm(instance=book_obj)
    if request.method == "POST":
        # 从用户提交过来的数据中取数据
        form_obj = BookModelForm(request.POST, instance=book_obj)
        if form_obj.is_valid():
            # 去数据库更新对应的书籍
            form_obj.save()  # 表示更新
            return redirect("/book_list/")
    return render(request, "edit_book.html", locals())
views.py
from django import forms
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from app01 import models


# 自定义一个字段的校验规则函数
def phone_validate(value):
    # 拿用户填写的手机号去数据库查找有没有
    is_exist = models.Book.objects.filter(phone=value)
    if is_exist:
        # 如果该手机号已经被使用就不能再注册
        raise ValidationError("该手机号已经被注册！")
    else:
        return value


# 自定义一个form类
class BookForm(forms.Form):
    title = forms.CharField(
        max_length=12,
        min_length=6,
        label="书名",
        # initial="书名的默认值",
        widget=forms.widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class": "form-control"})
    )
    publish_date = forms.DateField(
        label="出版日期",
        widget=forms.widgets.DateInput(attrs={"type": "date", "class": "form-control"})
    )
    phone = forms.CharField(
        max_length=11,
        # required=False,
        # validators=[RegexValidator(r'^1[356789]\d{9}$', "手机号码格式不正确"), phone_validate],
        validators=[RegexValidator(r'^1[356789]\d{9}$', "手机号码格式不正确")],
        widget=forms.widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class": "form-control"})
    )
    # publisher = forms.ChoiceField(
    #     # choices=models.Publisher.objects.values_list("id", "name"),
    #     widget=forms.widgets.Select()
    # )
    publisher = forms.ModelChoiceField(
        queryset=models.Publisher.objects.all(),
        widget=forms.widgets.Select(attrs={"class": "form-control"})
    )
    # authors = forms.ChoiceField(
    #     choices=models.Author.objects.values_list("id", "name"),
    #     widget=forms.widgets.SelectMultiple()
    # )
    authors = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(
        queryset=models.Author.objects.all(),
        widget=forms.widgets.SelectMultiple(attrs={"class": "form-control"})
    )

    # 自定义一个局部钩子函数
    def clean_title(self):
        value = self.cleaned_data.get("title")
        # 判断有没有敏感词
        if "alex" in value:
            raise ValidationError("alex已被河蟹...")
        else:
            return value

    # 全局钩子函数
    def clean(self):
        # 可以从self.cleaned_data取到所有字段的数据
        # self.add_error("字段", "密码和确认密码不一致")
        pass


# 写一个和Model类一一对应的form
class BookModelForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:  # 指定额外的配置项
        model = models.Book
        # fields = "__all__"  # model类里所有的字段都展示
        # fields = ["title", ]  # 指定展示某些字段
        # exclude = ["title", ]  # 除了指定字段，其他字段都展示
        labels = {  # 设置label标签名
            "title": "书名",
            "phone": "手机号",
            "publisher": "出版社",
            "authors": "作者",
        }
        widgets = {  # 设置每个字段的插件信息
            "title": forms.widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class": "form-control"}),
            "phone": forms.widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class": "form-control"}),
            "publisher": forms.widgets.Select(attrs={"class": "form-control"}),
            "authors": forms.widgets.SelectMultiple(attrs={"class": "form-control"}),
        }
        error_messages = {  # 设置每个字段的报错提示信息
            "publisher": {
                "required": "必须给我选一个出版社！"
            }
        }
forms.py

 

posted on 2018-08-30 00:51  xingyemdd  阅读(198)  评论(0)    收藏  举报
 
博客园  ©  2004-2025
浙公网安备 33010602011771号 浙ICP备2021040463号-3