开窗函数-first_value/last_value

1、开窗函数是什么？

开窗函数用于为行定义一个窗口（这里的窗口是指运算将要操作的行的集合），它对一组值进行操作，不需要使用GROUP BY子句对数据进行分组，能够在同一行中同时返回基础行的列和聚合列。

2、开窗函数有什么用？

开窗函数的功能本质是聚合，但是相比聚合，开窗函数可以提供的信息更多。

3、first_value/last_value函数

first_value()over(partition by 列名1，列名2 order by 列名1，列名2)是求一组数据的第一个值
last_value()over(partition by 列名1，列名2 order by 列名1，列名2)是求一组数据的最后一个值

first_value用法：

select distinct a.date,a.name,first_value(date)over(partition by name order by date asc)as `每个人对应最早的date`
,first_value(date)over(partition by name order by date desc)as `每个人对应最晚的date`
from 
(
select '张三'as name,'2021-04-11' as date 
union all 
select '李四'as name,'2021-04-09' as date 
union all 
select '赵四'as name,'2021-04-16' as date 
union all 
select '张三'as name,'2021-03-10'as date
union all 
select '李四'as name,'2020-01-01'as date
)a 

last_value用法

select distinct a.date,a.name
,last_value(date)over(partition by name order by date asc)as `每个人对应最晚的date`
from 
(
select '张三'as name,'2021-04-11' as date 
union all 
select '李四'as name,'2021-04-09' as date 
union all 
select '赵四'as name,'2021-04-16' as date 
union all 
select '张三'as name,'2021-03-10'as date
union all 
select '李四'as name,'2020-01-01'as date
)a 

可以看到使用last_value函数求每个人最后一个日期，结果并不是想要的。那该怎么办呢，查询该函数的具体用法发现：

last_value()默认的统计范围是”rows between unbounded preceding and current row【无界的前面行和当前行之间】”怎么理解呢？见下：

rows between unbounded preceding and current row,可以这么理解: x∈(-∞,X)
rows between unbounded preceding and unbounded following,    x∈(-∞,+ ∞)
rows between current row and unbounded following,            x∈(X,+ ∞) 

last_value()默认是升序，如果限制了是降序，则等同于first_value()升序

select distinct a.date,a.name
,last_value(date)over(partition by name order by date rows between unbounded preceding and current row)as `(-∞,X)`
,last_value(date)over(partition by name order by date rows between unbounded preceding and unbounded following)as `(-∞,+ ∞)`
,last_value(date)over(partition by name order by date rows between current row and unbounded following)as `(X,+ ∞)`
from 
(
select '张三'as name,'2021-04-11' as date 
union all 
select '李四'as name,'2021-04-09' as date 
union all 
select '赵四'as name,'2021-04-16' as date 
union all 
select '张三'as name,'2021-03-10'as date
union all 
select '李四'as name,'2020-01-01'as date
)a 

rows可以换成range，下次再补充