实验三 类和对象
##实验一
button.hpp
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
class Button {
public:
Button(const std::string &label_);
const std::string& get_label() const;
void click();
private:
std::string label;
};
Button::Button(const std::string &label_): label{label_} {
}
inline const std::string& Button::get_label() const {
return label;
}
inline void Button::click() {
std::cout << "Button '" << label << "' clicked\n";
}
window.hpp
#include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> #include "button.hpp" // 窗口类 class Window{ public: Window(const std::string &title_); void display() const; void close(); void add_button(const std::string &label); void click_button(const std::string &label); private: bool has_button(const std::string &label) const; private: std::string title; std::vector<Button> buttons; }; Window::Window(const std::string &title_): title{title_} { buttons.push_back(Button("close")); } inline void Window::display() const { std::string s(40, '*'); std::cout << s << std::endl; std::cout << "window : " << title << std::endl; int cnt = 0; for(const auto &button: buttons) std::cout << ++cnt << ". " << button.get_label() << std::endl; std::cout << s << std::endl; } inline void Window::close() { std::cout << "close window '" << title << "'" << std::endl; click_button("close"); } inline bool Window::has_button(const std::string &label) const { for(const auto &button: buttons) if(button.get_label() == label) return true; return false; } inline void Window::add_button(const std::string &label) { if(has_button(label)) std::cout << "button " << label << " already exists!\n"; else buttons.push_back(Button(label)); } inline void Window::click_button(const std::string &label) { for(auto &button:buttons) if(button.get_label() == label) { button.click(); return; } std::cout << "no button: " << label << std::endl; }
task1.cpp
#include "window.hpp"
#include <iostream>
void test(){
Window w("Demo");
w.add_button("add");
w.add_button("remove");
w.add_button("modify");
w.add_button("add");
w.display();
w.close();
}
int main() {
std::cout << "用组合类模拟简单GUI:\n";
test();
}

问题一:是。
问题二:(1)在改为公共接口后,破坏封装性,接口承诺问题,误用风险,但利于便利性,框架集成,与扩展性。
(2)
应设为 public 的情况:用户购买这个类就是为了获得这个功能,属于该类的主要职责和核心价值,没有这个方法,用户就无法完成他们的主要任务
应设为 private 的情况:只是实现核心功能的辅助手段。:涉及算法选择、数据结构、性能优化等实现技术,未来可能因技术演进而被完全重写或替换,只是为了让其他方法更容易实现而存在的工具函数等。
(3)接口1返回引用,通过文档明确使用约束即可规避风险;接口2返回的是副本,更加安全。
(4)能正常运行,这种替换会影响程序的正确性、安全性和性能,但避免临时对象的消失。
##实验二
task2.cpp
#include <iostream> #include <vector> void test1(); void test2(); void output1(const std::vector<int> &v); void output2(const std::vector<int> &v); void output3(const std::vector<std::vector<int>>& v); int main() { std::cout << "深复制验证1: 标准库vector<int>\n"; test1(); std::cout << "\n深复制验证2: 标准库vector<int>嵌套使用\n"; test2(); } void test1() { std::vector<int> v1(5, 42); const std::vector<int> v2(v1); std::cout << "**********拷贝构造后**********\n"; std::cout << "v1: "; output1(v1); std::cout << "v2: "; output1(v2); v1.at(0) = -1; std::cout << "**********修改v1[0]后**********\n"; std::cout << "v1: "; output1(v1); std::cout << "v2: "; output1(v2); } void test2() { std::vector<std::vector<int>> v1{{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6, 7}}; const std::vector<std::vector<int>> v2(v1); std::cout << "**********拷贝构造后**********\n"; std::cout << "v1: "; output3(v1); std::cout << "v2: "; output3(v2); v1.at(0).push_back(-1); std::cout << "**********修改v1[0]后**********\n"; std::cout << "v1: \n"; output3(v1); std::cout << "v2: \n"; output3(v2); } // 使用xx.at()+循环输出vector<int>数据项 void output1(const std::vector<int> &v) { if(v.size() == 0) { std::cout << '\n'; return; } std::cout << v.at(0); for(auto i = 1; i < v.size(); ++i) std::cout << ", " << v.at(i); std::cout << '\n'; } // 使用迭代器+循环输出vector<int>数据项 void output2(const std::vector<int> &v) { if(v.size() == 0) { std::cout << '\n'; return; } auto it = v.begin(); std::cout << *it; for(it = v.begin()+1; it != v.end(); ++it) std::cout << ", " << *it; std::cout << '\n'; } // 使用auto for分行输出vector<vector<int>>数据项 void output3(const std::vector<std::vector<int>>& v) { if(v.size() == 0) { std::cout << '\n'; return; } for(auto &i: v) output2(i); }

(1)问题一:构造函数和拷贝构造函数; 都包含5个。
(2)2 2 3
(3)能,v1[0] = -1,更快但会有数据出错的风险。
(4)1.能,用size()来方法返回对象长度的int值,输出-1。
2.避免不必要的复制,从而节省内存,但用const只能读取。
(5)1.深复制。2.int & const int & 是。
##实验三
vectorInt.hpp
#pragma once #include <iostream> class vectorInt{ public: vectorInt(); vectorInt(int n_); vectorInt(int n_, int value); vectorInt(const vectorInt &vi); ~vectorInt(); int size() const; int& at(int index); const int& at(int index) const; vectorInt& assign(const vectorInt &vi); int* begin(); int* end(); const int* begin() const; const int* end() const; private: int n; int *ptr; }; vectorInt::vectorInt():n{0}, ptr{nullptr} { } vectorInt::vectorInt(int n_): n{n_}, ptr{new int[n]} { } vectorInt::vectorInt(int n_, int value): n{n_}, ptr{new int[n_]} { for(auto i = 0; i < n; ++i) ptr[i] = value; } vectorInt::vectorInt(const vectorInt &vi): n{vi.n}, ptr{new int[n]} { for(auto i = 0; i < n; ++i) ptr[i] = vi.ptr[i]; } vectorInt::~vectorInt() { delete [] ptr; } int vectorInt::size() const { return n; } const int& vectorInt::at(int index) const { if(index < 0 || index >= n) { std::cerr << "IndexError: index out of range\n"; std::exit(1); } return ptr[index]; } int& vectorInt::at(int index) { if(index < 0 || index >= n) { std::cerr << "IndexError: index out of range\n"; std::exit(1); } return ptr[index]; } vectorInt& vectorInt::assign(const vectorInt &vi) { if(this == &vi) return *this; int *ptr_tmp; ptr_tmp = new int[vi.n]; for(int i = 0; i < vi.n; ++i) ptr_tmp[i] = vi.ptr[i]; delete[] ptr; n = vi.n; ptr = ptr_tmp; return *this; } int* vectorInt::begin() { return ptr; } int* vectorInt::end() { return ptr+n; } const int* vectorInt::begin() const { return ptr; } const int* vectorInt::end() const { return ptr+n; }
task3.cpp
#include "vectorInt.hpp" #include <iostream> void test1(); void test2(); void output1(const vectorInt &vi); void output2(const vectorInt &vi); int main() { std::cout << "测试1: \n"; test1(); std::cout << "\n测试2: \n"; test2(); } void test1() { int n; std::cout << "Enter n: "; std::cin >> n; vectorInt x1(n); for(auto i = 0; i < n; ++i) x1.at(i) = (i+1)*10; std::cout << "x1: "; output1(x1); vectorInt x2(n, 42); vectorInt x3(x2); x2.at(0) = -1; std::cout << "x2: "; output1(x2); std::cout << "x3: "; output1(x3); } void test2() { const vectorInt x(5, 42); vectorInt y; y.assign(x); std::cout << "x: "; output2(x); std::cout << "y: "; output2(y); } void output1(const vectorInt &vi) { if(vi.size() == 0) { std::cout << '\n'; return; } std::cout << vi.at(0); for(auto i = 1; i < vi.size(); ++i) std::cout << ", " << vi.at(i); std::cout << '\n'; } void output2(const vectorInt &vi) { if(vi.size() == 0) { std::cout << '\n'; return; } auto it = vi.begin(); std::cout << *it; for(it = vi.begin()+1; it != vi.end(); ++it) std::cout << ", " << *it; std::cout << '\n'; }

问题一:(1)版本2缺少自赋值检查。
(2)1.将当前对象的指针从非常量转换为常量指针,vectorInt*,const vectorInt*。
2.移除const修饰符,使返回值可以用于修改操作 ,转换前this返回类型是const int& 转换后返回类型是int&,满足非const接口的返回类型要求。
(3) const版本:用于只读访问对象的场景,非const修改元素的场景。
(4)可以,std::fill(ptr, ptr + n, value):将ptr开始的n个元素都设置为value std::copy(vi.ptr, vi.ptr + vi.n, ptr):从vi.ptr复制n个元素到ptr。
##实验四
matrix.hpp
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 #pragma once // 类Matrix声明 class Matrix { public: Matrix(int rows_, int cols_, double value = 0); // 构造rows_*cols_矩阵对象, 初值value Matrix(int rows_, double value = 0); // 构造rows_*rows_方阵对象, 初值value Matrix(const Matrix &x); ~Matrix(); // 深复制 void set(const double *pvalue, int size); // 按行复制pvalue指向的数据,要求 size=rows*cols,否则报错退出 void clear(); // 矩阵对象数据项置0 const double& at(int i, int j) const; // 返回矩阵对象索引(i,j)对应的数据项const引用(越 界则报错后退出) double& at(int i, int j); // 返回矩阵对象索引(i,j)对应的数据项引用(越界则报错后退出) int rows() const; // 返回矩阵对象行数 int cols() const; // 返回矩阵对象列数 void print() const; // 按行打印数据 private: int n_rows; int n_cols; double *ptr; }; task4.cpp 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 #include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> #include "matrix.hpp" // 矩阵对象内元素行数 // 矩阵对象内元素列数 // 数据区 void test1(); void test2(); void output(const Matrix &m, int row_index); int main() { std::cout << "测试1: \n"; test1(); } std::cout << "\n测试2: \n"; test2(); void test1() { double x[1000] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}; int n, m; std::cout << "Enter n and m: "; 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 std::cin >> n >> m; Matrix m1(n, m); m1.set(x, n*m); Matrix m2(m, n); m2.set(x, m*n); Matrix m3(n); m3.set(x, n*n); // 创建矩阵对象m1, 大小n×m // 用一维数组x的值按行为矩阵m1赋值 // 创建矩阵对象m2, 大小m×n // 用一维数组x的值按行为矩阵m1赋值 // 创建一个n×n方阵对象 // 用一维数组x的值按行为矩阵m3赋值 std::cout << "矩阵对象m1: \n"; m1.print(); std::cout << "矩阵对象m2: \n"; m2.print(); std::cout << "矩阵对象m3: \n"; m3.print(); } void test2() { Matrix m1(2, 3, -1); const Matrix m2(m1); std::cout << "矩阵对象m1: \n"; m1.print(); std::cout << "矩阵对象m2: \n"; m2.print(); m1.clear(); m1.at(0, 0) = 1; std::cout << "m1更新后: \n"; std::cout << "矩阵对象m1第0行 "; output(m1, 0); std::cout << "矩阵对象m2第0行: "; output(m2, 0); } // 输出矩阵对象row_index行所有元素 void output(const Matrix &m, int row_index) { if(row_index < 0 || row_index > m.rows()) { std::cerr << "IndexError: row index out of range\n"; std::exit(1); } std::cout << m.at(row_index, 0); for(int j = 1; j < m.cols(); ++j) std::cout << ", " << m.at(row_index, j); std
#include "matrix.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <iomanip>
Matrix::Matrix(size_t rows, size_t cols) : rows_(rows), cols_(cols) {
if (rows == 0 || cols == 0) {
throw std::invalid_argument("Matrix dimensions must be positive");
}
data_ = new int[rows * cols];
for (size_t i = 0; i < rows * cols; ++i) {
data_[i] = 0;
}
}
Matrix::Matrix(size_t n) : rows_(n), cols_(n) {
if (n == 0) {
throw std::invalid_argument("Matrix dimension must be positive");
}
data_ = new int[n * n];
for (size_t i = 0; i < n * n; ++i) {
data_[i] = 0;
}
}
Matrix::Matrix(const Matrix& other) : rows_(other.rows_), cols_(other.cols_) {
data_ = new int[rows_ * cols_];
for (size_t i = 0; i < rows_ * cols_; ++i) {
data_[i] = other.data_[i];
}
}
}
Matrix& Matrix::operator=(const Matrix& other) {
if (this == &other) {
return *this;
}
delete[] data_;
rows_ = other.rows_;
cols_ = other.cols_;
data_ = new int[rows_ * cols_];
for (size_t i = 0; i < rows_ * cols_; ++i) {
data_[i] = other.data_[i];
}
return *this;
}
Matrix::~Matrix() {
delete[] data_;
}
size_t Matrix::getRows() const {
return rows_;
}
size_t Matrix::getCols() const {
return cols_;
}
int& Matrix::at(size_t row, size_t col) {
checkBounds(row, col);
return data_[row * cols_ + col];
}
const int& Matrix::at(size_t row, size_t col) const {
checkBounds(row, col);
return data_[row * cols_ + col];
}
void Matrix::checkBounds(size_t row, size_t col) const {
if (row >= rows_ || col >= cols_) {
throw std::out_of_range("Matrix index out of range");
}
}
void Matrix::print() const {
for (size_t i = 0; i < rows_; ++i) {
for (size_t j = 0; j < cols_; ++j) {
std::cout << std::setw(4) << at(i, j);
}
std::cout << std::endl;
}
}

##实验五
#pragma once
#include <iostream> #include <string> // class Contact { public: Contact(const std::string &name_, const std::string &phone_); const std::string &get_name() const; const std::string &get_phone() const; void display() const; private: std::string name; std::string phone;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 # pragma once #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> #include "contact.hpp" // 通讯录类 class ContactBook { public: void add(const std::string &name, const std::string &phone); // 添加联系人 void remove(const std::string &name); // 移除联系人 void find(const std::string &name) const; // 查找联系人 void display() const; // 显示所有联系人 size_t size() const; private: int index(const std::string &name) const; // 返回联系人在contacts内索引,如不存在,返 回-1 void sort(); // 按姓名字典序升序排序通讯录 private: std::vector<Contact> contacts; }; } void ContactBook::add(const std::string &name, const std::string &phone) { if(index(name) == -1) { contacts.push_back(Contact(name, phone)); std::cout << name << " add successfully.\n"; sort(); return; } std::cout << name << " already exists. fail to add!\n"; void ContactBook::remove(const std::string &name) { int i = index(name); if(i == -1) { std::cout << name << " not found, fail to remove!\n"; return; } contacts.erase(contacts.begin()+i); std::cout << name << " remove successfully.\n"; } task5.cpp void ContactBook::find(const std::string &name) const { int i = index(name); if(i == -1) { std::cout << name << " not found!\n"; return; } contacts[i].display(); std::cout << '\n'; } void ContactBook::display() const { for(auto &c: contacts) { c.display(); std::cout << '\n'; } } size_t ContactBook::size() const { return contacts.size(); } // 待补足1:int index(const std::string &name) const;实现 // 返回联系人在contacts内索引; 如不存在,返回-1 // 待补足2:void ContactBook::sort();实现
#include "contactBook.hpp" void test() { ContactBook contactbook; std::cout << "1. add contacts\n"; contactbook.add("Bob", "18199357253"); contactbook.add("Alice", "17300886371"); contactbook.add("Linda", "18184538072"); contactbook.add("Alice", "17300886371"); std::cout << "\n2. display contacts\n"; std::cout << "There are " << contactbook.size() << " contacts.\n"; contactbook.display(); std::cout << "\n3. find contacts\n"; contactbook.find("Bob"); contactbook.find("David"); std::cout << "\n4. remove contact\n"; contactbook.remove("Bob"); contactbook.remove("David"); } int main() { test(); }
}; Contact::Contact(const std::string &name_, const std::string &phone_):name{name_}, phone{phone_} { } const std::string& Contact::get_name() const { return name; } const std::string& Contact::get_phone() const { return phone; } void Contact::display() const { std::cout << name << ", " << phone; }


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