NoSQL
一 NoSQL基础
a. 关系式数据的优点
1. 通用性和相对较高的性能
2. 保证数据的一致性和原子性，根据事物管理器
3. 数据的更新开销更小
4. 发布时间久，相对成熟的案例
b. 关系式数据库的缺点
1. 批量数据的写入处理时有可能会发生冲突
2. 为有数据更新的表做结构变更时效率低下
3. 字段的不固定应用，无法固定使用的字段数量类型
4. 无法实现对简单查询需要快速返回结果的处理，因为结构限制
c.NoSQL (No SQL)
弥补关系式数据库的不足
d.NoSQL 网站
nosql-database.org
e. NoSQL特点
1. 便于扩展和提升性能
垂直扩展
水平扩展：集群
2. 数据相对分散，数据与数据之间没有关联
3. 速度更快，绝大多数nosql都是工作在内存里
4. 高可用，自身就可以实现故障转移
f. NoSQL分类
1. 面向键值得数据库 { key-value }键值就是变量，键就是变量值就是变量代表的值 存储速度较快。 临时性：存储在内存中，数据有可能丢失，如memcached 永久性：存储在硬盘中，数据不会丢失，如ROMA，FLSRE 兼具俩者。工作在内存中，瞒住条件是会将数据保存至硬盘，如REDIS 2. 面向文档的数据库 可以使用复杂的查询条件 不定义表结构（可以向自定义的表结构一样使用） 3. 面向列的数据库 一列为单位存储数据 修改大量行，少数列的数据库时，进行列的修改更新效率更高 高扩展性 即使数据增加也不会降低响应的速度，特别是写入速度（很稳定的速度）
g. 安装nosql数据库
make make test make PREFIX=/usr/local/redis install
cd /usr/local/redis/ cd bin/ cp /usr/src/redis-3.0.3/redis.conf ./ [root@localhost bin]# pwd /usr/local/redis/bin [root@localhost bin]# ./redis-server redis.conf #启动
[root@localhost bin]# vim redis.conf 37 daemonize yes #不占有整个页面，将redis放进后台运行 [root@localhost bin]# ./redis-cli -h localhost -p 6379 #无密码登录
二 操作命令
#支持的数据类型
String 字符串类型
Hash 散列类型
List 双向队列类型
Set 集合类型
Zset 有序集合类型
1. string 字符串类型
set 创建键
get 查看键
setnx 创建新键，若存在则放弃操作
mset 批量创建
mget 批量查看
getset 查看原值，设置新值
setrange 替换字符串
incr +1
decr -1
incrby +N
decrby +N
strlen 查看字符长度
del 删除字符
setex 设置生存周期
tl 查看生存周期
localhost:6379> get a "1111" localhost:6379> localhost:6379> getset a 666 "1111" localhost:6379> localhost:6379> get a "666" localhost:6379> get a "666" localhost:6379> setrange a 2 111 (integer) 5 localhost:6379> get a "66111" localhost:6379> set a3 1 OK localhost:6379> incr a3 (integer) 2 localhost:6379> incr a3 (integer) 3 localhost:6379> incr a3 (integer) 4 localhost:6379> incr a3 (integer) 5 localhost:6379> get a3 "5" localhost:6379> get a3 "1" localhost:6379> localhost:6379> localhost:6379> incrby a3 10 (integer) 11 localhost:6379> incrby a3 10 (integer) 21 localhost:6379> incrby a3 10 (integer) 31 localhost:6379> get a3 "31"
2. hash 散列类型
hset 创建键
hget 查看键
hmset 批量创建键
hmget 批量查看键
hkeys 查看指定键对应的所有字段的名称
hvals 查看指定键对应的所有的值
hsetnx 创建键 防止覆盖
hexists 查看指定键是否存在
hgetall 查看指定键对应的所有字段和值
hdel 删除字段
localhost:6379> hset h h1 111 (integer) 0 localhost:6379> hkeys h 1) "h1" localhost:6379> hvals h 1) "111" localhost:6379> hset h h2 222 (integer) 1 localhost:6379> hkeys h 1) "h1" 2) "h2" localhost:6379> hvals h 1) "111" 2) "222" localhost:6379> hget h h1 #查看单个 "111" localhost:6379> hget h h2 "222" localhost:6379> hmset h h3 333 h4 444 OK localhost:6379> hkeys h 1) "h1" 2) "h2" 3) "h3" 4) "h4" localhost:6379> hvals h 1) "111" 2) "222" 3) "333" 4) "444" localhost:6379> hgetall h 1) "h1" 2) "111" 3) "h2" 4) "222" 5) "h3" 6) "333" 7) "h4" 8) "444" localhost:6379> hexists h h1 (integer) 1 #有 为 1 localhost:6379> hexists h h6 (integer) 0 #无 为 0
3. list 双向队列/双向链表类型
lpush 创建队列
lrange 显示队列内容
linsert 插入指定内容(before 值)、
lset 替换指定内容
lpop 删除第一个数据
rpop 删除最后一个数据
lrem 删除重复的数据(指定目标)
localhost:6379> lrange d1 0 -1 1) "4" 2) "3" 3) "hello" 4) "2" 5) "1" localhost:6379> localhost:6379> localhost:6379> localhost:6379> localhost:6379> linsert d1 before 1 '6666' (integer) 6 localhost:6379> lrange d1 0 -1 1) "4" 2) "3" 3) "hello" 4) "2" 5) "6666" 6) "1" localhost:6379> lset d1 0 111 OK localhost:6379> lrange d1 0 -1 1) "111" 2) "3" 3) "hello" 4) "2" 5) "6666" 6) "1"
4. set集合
sadd 创建集合
smembers 查看集合
srandmember 随机抽取
spop 随机删除
sismember 统计集合中元素个数
sunion 查看并集
sinter 查看交集
sdiff 查看差集
store 保存结果
localhost:6379> sadd m1 1 2 3 4 (integer) 4 localhost:6379> smembers m1 1) "1" 2) "2" 3) "3" 4) "4" localhost:6379> scard m1 (integer) 4 localhost:6379> srandmember m1 #抽取随机数字 "3" localhost:6379> spop m1 #随机删除 "1" localhost:6379> smembers m1 1) "2" localhost:6379> localhost:6379> sismember m1 2 #判断2 是否在 m1 (integer) 1 localhost:6379> sismember m1 3 #判断3 是否在 m1 (integer) 0 localhost:6379> sadd m2 1 2 3 4 (integer) 4 localhost:6379> sadd m3 3 4 5 6 (integer) 4 localhost:6379> localhost:6379> sunion m2 m3 1) "1" 2) "2" 3) "3" 4) "4" 5) "5" 6) "6" localhost:6379> localhost:6379> sunionstore m4 m2 m3 (integer) 6 localhost:6379> smembers m4 1) "1" 2) "2" 3) "3" 4) "4" 5) "5" 6) "6" localhost:6379> localhost:6379> sinter m2 m3 1) "3" 2) "4" localhost:6379> sinterstore m5 m2 m3 (integer) 2 localhost:6379> smembers m5 1) "3" 2) "4" localhost:6379> localhost:6379> sdiff m2 m3 1) "1" 2) "2" localhost:6379> sdiff m3 m2 1) "5" 2) "6"
5. zset有序集合
zadd 创建有序集合
zrange 查看集合
zrevrange 反向查看有序集合
zrangebyscore 查看指定分数区间的元素
zincrby 增加分值或创建新元素
zrank 返回指定元素的下标
zrevrank 返回指定元素的下标(分数从大到小排列)
zcount 返回指定分数区间内的元素个数
zremrangebyrank 删除下标在指定区间范围内的元素
zremrangebyscore 删除分数在指定区间范围内的元素
localhost:6379> zadd test 1 aa 2 bb 3 cc (integer) 3 localhost:6379> zrange test 0 -1 1) "aa" 2) "bb" 3) "cc" localhost:6379> localhost:6379> zrange test 0 -1 withscores 1) "aa" 2) "1" 3) "bb" 4) "2" 5) "cc" 6) "3" localhost:6379> localhost:6379> localhost:6379> zrevrange test 0 -1 withscores 1) "cc" 2) "3" 3) "bb" 4) "2" 5) "aa" 6) "1" localhost:6379> localhost:6379> zrangebyscore test 2 3 withscores 1) "bb" 2) "2" 3) "cc" 4) "3" localhost:6379> localhost:6379> localhost:6379> zincrby test 4 dd "4" localhost:6379> zrange test 0 -1 withscores 1) "aa" 2) "1" 3) "bb" 4) "2" 5) "cc" 6) "3" 7) "dd" 8) "4" localhost:6379> localhost:6379> zincrby test 4 dd "8" localhost:6379> zincrby test 4 dd "12" localhost:6379> zrange test 0 -1 withscores 1) "aa" 2) "1" 3) "bb" 4) "2" 5) "cc" 6) "3" 7) "dd" 8) "12" localhost:6379> zrank test dd (integer) 3 localhost:6379> zrevrank test dd (integer) 0 localhost:6379> zcount test 5 20 (integer) 1 localhost:6379> zremrangebyrank test 0 2 (integer) 3 localhost:6379> zrange test 0 -1 withscores 1) "dd" 2) "12" localhost:6379> zadd test2 1 a 2 b 3 c 4 d 55 e 66 f (integer) 6 localhost:6379> zrange test2 0 -1 withscores 1) "a" 2) "1" 3) "b" 4) "2" 5) "c" 6) "3" 7) "d" 8) "4" 9) "e" 10) "55" 11) "f" 12) "66" localhost:6379> zremrangebyscore test2 3 60 (integer) 3 localhost:6379> zrange test2 0 -1 withscores 1) "a" 2) "1" 3) "b" 4) "2" 5) "f" 6) "66"
6. 补充
keys * 查看键列表
type 查看类型
expire 设置生存周期
exists 查看指定键是否存在
select 选择库(0-15)
move 移动数据
flushdb 清空当前库
flushall 清空所有库
info 查看服务器基本配置
dbsize 查看当前库中的键的数量
localhost:6379> keys * 1) "c" 2) "w" 3) "m4" 4) "m1" 5) "m5" localhost:6379> move m5 15 (integer) 1 localhost:6379> select 15 OK localhost:6379[15]> keys * 1) "m5"
三 NoSQL应用
a.密码认证
[root@localhost bin]# pwd
/usr/local/redis/bin
[root@localhost bin]# vim redis.conf #修改配置文件
391 requirepass 123456
[root@localhost bin]# pkill redis #结束进程
[root@localhost bin]# ./redis-server redis.conf #重启
第一种登录方式：
[root@localhost bin]# ./redis-cli
127.0.0.1:6379> keys *
(error) NOAUTH Authentication required.
127.0.0.1:6379> auth 123456
OK
127.0.0.1:6379> exit
第二种登录方式：
[root@localhost bin]# ./redis-cli -a '123456'
b. 备份
持久化：
dir 备份文件的目录
1. 查看 [root@localhost ~]# /usr/local/redis/bin/redis-cli 127.0.0.1:6379> auth 123456 OK 127.0.0.1:6379> keys * 1) "test2" 2) "test" 3) "a2" 4) "m4" 5) "a1" 6) "d1" 7) "m1" 8) "w" 9) "h" 10) "a" 11) "m3" 12) "c" 13) "m2" 127.0.0.1:6379> exit 2. [root@localhost ~]# pkill redis [root@localhost ~]# /usr/local/redis/bin/redis-server /usr/local/redis/bin/redis.conf #启动 3. [root@localhost ~]# /usr/local/redis/bin/redis-cli 127.0.0.1:6379> auth 123456 OK 127.0.0.1:6379> keys * (empty list or set) 4. [root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/redis/ [root@localhost redis]# ls bin [root@localhost redis]# cd bin/ [root@localhost bin]# ls dump.rdb redis-check-aof redis-cli redis-sentinel redis-benchmark redis-check-dump redis.conf redis-server [root@localhost bin]# pkill redis [root@localhost bin]# ./redis-server redis.conf [root@localhost bin]# ./redis-cli -a 123456 127.0.0.1:6379> keys * 1) "m3" 2) "m2" 3) "a" 4) "test" 5) "test2" 6) "a2" 7) "m1" 8) "h" 9) "w" 10) "c" 11) "a1" 12) "d1" 13) "m4" 127.0.0.1:6379> exit 5. [root@localhost bin]# pwd /usr/local/redis/bin [root@localhost bin]# ll 总用量 15500 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root dump.rdb #dump.db 是redis备份之一。dump记录所有创建的键。只有在dump.db所在目录下，启动服务，才能进行下载上 6.无从从哪个目录登录，都能加载到备份文件 [root@localhost bin]# vim redis.conf 187 dir /usr/local/redis/bin #dir 备份文件的目录 [root@localhost bin]# pkill redis 7.测试 [root@localhost ~]# rm -rf dump.rdb [root@localhost ~]# /usr/local/redis/bin/redis-server /usr/local/redis/bin/redis.conf [root@localhost ~]# /usr/local/redis/bin/redis-cli
c. 主从配置
1.准备 [root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/redis/ [root@localhost redis]# cd .. [root@localhost local]# ls bin etc games include lib lib64 libexec redis sbin share src [root@localhost local]# pwd /usr/local [root@localhost local]# ll drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 5月 25 20:08 redis [root@localhost local]# cp -rp redis redis-slave 2.配置 [root@localhost local]# cd redis #主服务器 [root@localhost redis]# ls bin [root@localhost redis]# cd bin/ [root@localhost bin]# ls redis-benchmark redis-check-aof redis-check-dump redis-cli redis.conf redis-sentinel redis-server [root@localhost bin]# vim redis.conf #修改配置文件 41 pidfile /usr/local/redis/redis.pid [root@localhost redis]# cd /usr/local/ #从服务器 [root@localhost local]# ls bin etc games include lib lib64 libexec redis redis-slave sbin share src [root@localhost local]# cd redis-slave/ [root@localhost redis-slave]# ls bin [root@localhost redis-slave]# cd bin/ [root@localhost bin]# vim redis.conf #修改配置文件 41 pidfile /usr/local/redis-slave/redis.pid 45 port 6380 187 dir /usr/local/redis-slave/bin 205 slaveof 192.168.10.10 6379 212 masterauth 123456 391 #requirepass 123456 #注释掉 3.重启服务 [root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/ [root@localhost local]# ls bin etc games include lib lib64 libexec redis redis-slave sbin share src [root@localhost local]# cd redis/bin/ [root@localhost bin]# ls redis-benchmark redis-check-aof redis-check-dump redis-cli redis.conf redis-sentinel redis-server [root@localhost bin]# ./redis-server redis.conf #主服务器 [root@localhost bin]# netstat -antp Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:6379 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 32062/redis-server [root@localhost bin]# cd ../.. [root@localhost local]# ls bin etc games include lib lib64 libexec redis redis-slave sbin share src [root@localhost local]# cd redis-slave/bin/ [root@localhost bin]# ls redis-benchmark redis-check-aof redis-check-dump redis-cli redis.conf redis-sentinel redis-server [root@localhost bin]# ./redis-server redis.conf [root@localhost bin]# netstat -antp Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:6379 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 32062/redis-server tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:6380 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 32172/./redis-serve 4.测试 [root@localhost bin]# ./redis-cli -h 192.168.10.10 -p 6379 #主服务器 192.168.10.10:6379> auth 123456 OK 192.168.10.10:6379> keys * 1) "wwwww" 2) "h" 3) "a" 4) "sss1" 192.168.10.10:6379> 192.168.10.10:6379> sadd test1 111111111111111 (integer) 1 192.168.10.10:6379> exit [root@localhost bin]# ./redis-cli -h 192.168.10.10 -p 6380 #从服务器 192.168.10.10:6380> keys * 1) "h" 2) "a" 3) "sss1" 4) "test1" 5) "wwwww" 192.168.10.10:6380> sadd test2 2222222222 (error) READONLY You can't write against a read only slave. #从服务器，只能读，不能写
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