Tomcat的启动流程

一、Lifecycle

　tomcat启动，实际上就是对以上的组件进行实例化，因此使用Lifecycle接口统一管理各组件的生命周期，根据各个组件之间的父子级关系，首先调用init()方法逐级初始化各组件，然后在调用start()的方法进行启动。

    //初始化
    public void init() throws LifecycleException;
    //启动
    public void start() throws LifecycleException;
    //停止
    public void stop() throws LifecycleException;
    //销毁
    public void destroy() throws LifecycleException;

tomcat中的这些组件也会继承Lifecycle，由子类再去实现这些方法。

 二、startup.sh

os400=false
case "`uname`" in
OS400*) os400=true;;
esac

# resolve links - $0 may be a softlink
PRG="$0"

while [ -h "$PRG" ] ; do
  ls=`ls -ld "$PRG"`
  link=`expr "$ls" : '.*-> \(.*\)$'`
  if expr "$link" : '/.*' > /dev/null; then
    PRG="$link"
  else
    PRG=`dirname "$PRG"`/"$link"
  fi
done

PRGDIR=`dirname "$PRG"`
EXECUTABLE=catalina.sh

# Check that target executable exists
if $os400; then
  # -x will Only work on the os400 if the files are:
  # 1. owned by the user
  # 2. owned by the PRIMARY group of the user
  # this will not work if the user belongs in secondary groups
  eval
else
  if [ ! -x "$PRGDIR"/"$EXECUTABLE" ]; then
    echo "Cannot find $PRGDIR/$EXECUTABLE"
    echo "The file is absent or does not have execute permission"
    echo "This file is needed to run this program"
    exit 1
  fi
fi

exec "$PRGDIR"/"$EXECUTABLE" start "$@"

我们启动tomcat的时候会使用startup.sh，看到shell脚本的最后一行，意思就是执行$EXECUTABLE变量（对应的是catalina.sh）并传入参数start，之后就是执行java xxxx.jar org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap start命令。

四、Bootstrap

    private static volatile Bootstrap daemon = null;
    private static final Object daemonLock = new Object();
    
    public static void main(String args[]) {

        synchronized (daemonLock) {
            if (daemon == null) {
                // Don't set daemon until init() has completed
                //实例化Bootstrap
                Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
                try {
                    //调用初始化方法
                    bootstrap.init();
                } catch (Throwable t) {
                    handleThrowable(t);
                    t.printStackTrace();
                    return;
                }
                //赋值给daemon
                daemon = bootstrap;
            } else {
                Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(daemon.catalinaLoader);
            }
        }

        try {
            String command = "start";
            if (args.length > 0) {
                command = args[args.length - 1];
            }

            if (command.equals("startd")) {
                args[args.length - 1] = "start";
                daemon.load(args);
                daemon.start();
            } else if (command.equals("stopd")) {
                args[args.length - 1] = "stop";
                daemon.stop();
            } else if (command.equals("start")) {
                //tomcat启动时传入的值时start，因此启动走此分支
                daemon.setAwait(true);
                //加载初始化
                daemon.load(args);
                //启动
                daemon.start();
                if (null == daemon.getServer()) {
                    System.exit(1);
                }
            } else if (command.equals("stop")) {
                //停止
                daemon.stopServer(args);
            } else if (command.equals("configtest")) {
                daemon.load(args);
                if (null == daemon.getServer()) {
                    System.exit(1);
                }
                System.exit(0);
            } else {
                log.warn("Bootstrap: command \"" + command + "\" does not exist.");
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            // Unwrap the Exception for clearer error reporting
            if (t instanceof InvocationTargetException &&
                    t.getCause() != null) {
                t = t.getCause();
            }
            handleThrowable(t);
            t.printStackTrace();
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

 init方法（Bootstrap）

    public void init() throws Exception {
        //初始化类加载器
        initClassLoaders();
        
        Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(catalinaLoader);

        SecurityClassLoad.securityClassLoad(catalinaLoader);

        // Load our startup class and call its process() method
        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
            log.debug("Loading startup class");
        }
        //实例化Catalina对象
        Class<?> startupClass = catalinaLoader.loadClass("org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina");
        Object startupInstance = startupClass.getConstructor().newInstance();

        // Set the shared extensions class loader
        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
            log.debug("Setting startup class properties");
        }
        String methodName = "setParentClassLoader";
        Class<?> paramTypes[] = new Class[1];
        paramTypes[0] = Class.forName("java.lang.ClassLoader");
        Object paramValues[] = new Object[1];
        paramValues[0] = sharedLoader;
        //反射调用Catalina的setParentClassLoader方法
        Method method =
            startupInstance.getClass().getMethod(methodName, paramTypes);
        method.invoke(startupInstance, paramValues);
        //赋值给catalinaDaemon
        catalinaDaemon = startupInstance;
    }

load和start方法（Bootstrap）

    private void load(String[] arguments) throws Exception {

        // Call the load() method
        String methodName = "load";
        Object param[];
        Class<?> paramTypes[];
        if (arguments==null || arguments.length==0) {
            paramTypes = null;
            param = null;
        } else {
            paramTypes = new Class[1];
            paramTypes[0] = arguments.getClass();
            param = new Object[1];
            param[0] = arguments;
        }
        Method method =
            catalinaDaemon.getClass().getMethod(methodName, paramTypes);
        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
            log.debug("Calling startup class " + method);
        }
        //反射调用Catalina的load方法
        method.invoke(catalinaDaemon, param);
    }
    
        public void start() throws Exception {
        if (catalinaDaemon == null) {
            init();
        }
        //反射调用Catalina的start方法
        Method method = catalinaDaemon.getClass().getMethod("start", (Class [])null);
        method.invoke(catalinaDaemon, (Object [])null);
    }

五、Catalina

load方法

    public void load() {

        if (loaded) {
            return;
        }
        loaded = true;

        long t1 = System.nanoTime();

        initDirs();

        // Before digester - it may be needed
        initNaming();

        //创建Digester对象，用于解析server.xml文件
        Digester digester = createStartDigester();

        InputSource inputSource = null;
        InputStream inputStream = null;
        File file = null;
        try {
            try {
                //定位到配置文件server.xml
                file = configFile();
                inputStream = new FileInputStream(file);
                inputSource = new InputSource(file.toURI().toURL().toString());
            } catch (Exception e) {
                if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
                    log.debug(sm.getString("catalina.configFail", file), e);
                }
            }
            if (inputStream == null) {
                try {
                    inputStream = getClass().getClassLoader()
                        .getResourceAsStream(getConfigFile());
                    inputSource = new InputSource
                        (getClass().getClassLoader()
                         .getResource(getConfigFile()).toString());
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
                        log.debug(sm.getString("catalina.configFail",
                                getConfigFile()), e);
                    }
                }
            }

            // This should be included in catalina.jar
            // Alternative: don't bother with xml, just create it manually.
            if (inputStream == null) {
                try {
                    inputStream = getClass().getClassLoader()
                            .getResourceAsStream("server-embed.xml");
                    inputSource = new InputSource
                    (getClass().getClassLoader()
                            .getResource("server-embed.xml").toString());
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
                        log.debug(sm.getString("catalina.configFail",
                                "server-embed.xml"), e);
                    }
                }
            }


            if (inputStream == null || inputSource == null) {
                if  (file == null) {
                    log.warn(sm.getString("catalina.configFail",
                            getConfigFile() + "] or [server-embed.xml]"));
                } else {
                    log.warn(sm.getString("catalina.configFail",
                            file.getAbsolutePath()));
                    if (file.exists() && !file.canRead()) {
                        log.warn("Permissions incorrect, read permission is not allowed on the file.");
                    }
                }
                return;
            }

            try {
                inputSource.setByteStream(inputStream);
                digester.push(this);
                //解析配置文件server.xml
                digester.parse(inputSource);
            } catch (SAXParseException spe) {
                log.warn("Catalina.start using " + getConfigFile() + ": " +
                        spe.getMessage());
                return;
            } catch (Exception e) {
                log.warn("Catalina.start using " + getConfigFile() + ": " , e);
                return;
            }
        } finally {
            if (inputStream != null) {
                try {
                    inputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    // Ignore
                }
            }
        }

        getServer().setCatalina(this);
        getServer().setCatalinaHome(Bootstrap.getCatalinaHomeFile());
        getServer().setCatalinaBase(Bootstrap.getCatalinaBaseFile());

        // Stream redirection
        initStreams();

        // Start the new server
        try {
            //调用server对象的init方法
            getServer().init();
        } catch (LifecycleException e) {
            if (Boolean.getBoolean("org.apache.catalina.startup.EXIT_ON_INIT_FAILURE")) {
                throw new java.lang.Error(e);
            } else {
                log.error("Catalina.start", e);
            }
        }

        long t2 = System.nanoTime();
        if(log.isInfoEnabled()) {
            log.info("Initialization processed in " + ((t2 - t1) / 1000000) + " ms");
        }
    }

    public Object parse(InputSource input) throws IOException, SAXException {
        configure();
        getXMLReader().parse(input);
        //返回的root就是Catalina对象，并且实例化了Server（StandardServer对象，包含了server以下的service，connector等实例对象）赋值给Catalina的server属性
        return root;
    }

StandardServer继承了LifecycleMBeanBase->LifecycleBase，因此调用server的init方法，就是调用LifecycleBase的init方法

 public final synchronized void init() throws LifecycleException {
        if (!state.equals(LifecycleState.NEW)) {
            invalidTransition(Lifecycle.BEFORE_INIT_EVENT);
        }

        try {
            setStateInternal(LifecycleState.INITIALIZING, null, false);
            //init的关键方法，设计模式模板方法的应用，会调用子类StandardServer的initInternal方法
            initInternal();
            setStateInternal(LifecycleState.INITIALIZED, null, false);
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            handleSubClassException(t, "lifecycleBase.initFail", toString());
        }
    }
    //server容器初始化
    protected void initInternal() throws LifecycleException {

        super.initInternal();

        // Register global String cache
        // Note although the cache is global, if there are multiple Servers
        // present in the JVM (may happen when embedding) then the same cache
        // will be registered under multiple names
        onameStringCache = register(new StringCache(), "type=StringCache");

        // Register the MBeanFactory
        MBeanFactory factory = new MBeanFactory();
        factory.setContainer(this);
        onameMBeanFactory = register(factory, "type=MBeanFactory");

        // Register the naming resources
        globalNamingResources.init();

        // Populate the extension validator with JARs from common and shared
        // class loaders
        if (getCatalina() != null) {
            ClassLoader cl = getCatalina().getParentClassLoader();
            // Walk the class loader hierarchy. Stop at the system class loader.
            // This will add the shared (if present) and common class loaders
            while (cl != null && cl != ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()) {
                if (cl instanceof URLClassLoader) {
                    URL[] urls = ((URLClassLoader) cl).getURLs();
                    for (URL url : urls) {
                        if (url.getProtocol().equals("file")) {
                            try {
                                File f = new File (url.toURI());
                                if (f.isFile() &&
                                        f.getName().endsWith(".jar")) {
                                    ExtensionValidator.addSystemResource(f);
                                }
                            } catch (URISyntaxException | IOException e) {
                                // Ignore
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                cl = cl.getParent();
            }
        }
        // Initialize our defined Services
        //初始化service容器
        for (Service service : services) {
            //重复sever的init过程，只不过这次是调用StandardService的initInternal方法
            service.init();
        }
    }

service容器初始化

//service容器初始化
    protected void initInternal() throws LifecycleException {

        super.initInternal();

        if (engine != null) {
            //engine容器的初始化，调用StandardEngine的initInternal方法
            engine.init();
        }

        // Initialize any Executors
        for (Executor executor : findExecutors()) {
            if (executor instanceof JmxEnabled) {
                ((JmxEnabled) executor).setDomain(getDomain());
            }
            executor.init();
        }

        // Initialize mapper listener
        mapperListener.init();

        // Initialize our defined Connectors
        synchronized (connectorsLock) {
            for (Connector connector : connectors) {
                try {
                    //连接器的初始化
                    connector.init();
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    String message = sm.getString(
                            "standardService.connector.initFailed", connector);
                    log.error(message, e);

                    if (Boolean.getBoolean("org.apache.catalina.startup.EXIT_ON_INIT_FAILURE")) {
                        throw new LifecycleException(message);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

engine容器的初始化

//engine容器的初始化
    protected void initInternal() throws LifecycleException {
        // Ensure that a Realm is present before any attempt is made to start
        // one. This will create the default NullRealm if necessary.
        getRealm();
        //调用父类ContainerBase的初始化方法
        super.initInternal();
    }
    //engine初始化创建了一个线程池，在engine组件start阶段使用
    protected void initInternal() throws LifecycleException {
        BlockingQueue<Runnable> startStopQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
        startStopExecutor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
                getStartStopThreadsInternal(),
                getStartStopThreadsInternal(), 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                startStopQueue,
                new StartStopThreadFactory(getName() + "-startStop-"));
        startStopExecutor.allowCoreThreadTimeOut(true);
        super.initInternal();
    }

连接器Connector的初始化

protected void initInternal() throws LifecycleException {

        super.initInternal();
        
        //适配器的初始化，为了完成请求HttpRequest到HttpServletRequest的转换
        adapter = new CoyoteAdapter(this);
        protocolHandler.setAdapter(adapter);

        // Make sure parseBodyMethodsSet has a default
        if (null == parseBodyMethodsSet) {
            setParseBodyMethods(getParseBodyMethods());
        }

        if (protocolHandler.isAprRequired() && !AprLifecycleListener.isInstanceCreated()) {
            throw new LifecycleException(sm.getString("coyoteConnector.protocolHandlerNoAprListener",
                    getProtocolHandlerClassName()));
        }
        if (protocolHandler.isAprRequired() && !AprLifecycleListener.isAprAvailable()) {
            throw new LifecycleException(sm.getString("coyoteConnector.protocolHandlerNoAprLibrary",
                    getProtocolHandlerClassName()));
        }
        if (AprLifecycleListener.isAprAvailable() && AprLifecycleListener.getUseOpenSSL() &&
                protocolHandler instanceof AbstractHttp11JsseProtocol) {
            AbstractHttp11JsseProtocol<?> jsseProtocolHandler =
                    (AbstractHttp11JsseProtocol<?>) protocolHandler;
            if (jsseProtocolHandler.isSSLEnabled() &&
                    jsseProtocolHandler.getSslImplementationName() == null) {
                // OpenSSL is compatible with the JSSE configuration, so use it if APR is available
                jsseProtocolHandler.setSslImplementationName(OpenSSLImplementation.class.getName());
            }
        }

        try {
            //协议处理器protocolHandler的初始化，主要是其内部Endpoint的初始化
            protocolHandler.init();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new LifecycleException(
                    sm.getString("coyoteConnector.protocolHandlerInitializationFailed"), e);
        }
    }

协议处理器protocolHandler初始化

 public void init() throws Exception {
        // Upgrade protocols have to be configured first since the endpoint
        // init (triggered via super.init() below) uses this list to configure
        // the list of ALPN protocols to advertise
        for (UpgradeProtocol upgradeProtocol : upgradeProtocols) {
            configureUpgradeProtocol(upgradeProtocol);
        }

        super.init();

        // Set the Http11Protocol (i.e. this) for any upgrade protocols once
        // this has completed initialisation as the upgrade protocols may expect this
        // to be initialised when the call is made
        for (UpgradeProtocol upgradeProtocol : upgradeProtocols) {
            if (upgradeProtocol instanceof Http2Protocol) {
                ((Http2Protocol) upgradeProtocol).setHttp11Protocol(this);
            }
        }
    }

    public void init() throws Exception {
        if (getLog().isInfoEnabled()) {
            getLog().info(sm.getString("abstractProtocolHandler.init", getName()));
        }

        if (oname == null) {
            // Component not pre-registered so register it
            oname = createObjectName();
            if (oname != null) {
                Registry.getRegistry(null, null).registerComponent(this, oname, null);
            }
        }

        if (this.domain != null) {
            ObjectName rgOname = new ObjectName(domain + ":type=GlobalRequestProcessor,name=" + getName());
            this.rgOname = rgOname;
            Registry.getRegistry(null, null).registerComponent(
                    getHandler().getGlobal(), rgOname, null);
        }

        String endpointName = getName();
        endpoint.setName(endpointName.substring(1, endpointName.length()-1));
        endpoint.setDomain(domain);
        //通信断点的初始化
        endpoint.init();
    }
    //AbstractEndpoint
    public void init() throws Exception {
        if (bindOnInit) {
            //重要
            bind();
            bindState = BindState.BOUND_ON_INIT;
        }
        if (this.domain != null) {
            // Register endpoint (as ThreadPool - historical name)
            oname = new ObjectName(domain + ":type=ThreadPool,name=\"" + getName() + "\"");
            Registry.getRegistry(null, null).registerComponent(this, oname, null);

            ObjectName socketPropertiesOname = new ObjectName(domain +
                    ":type=SocketProperties,name=\"" + getName() + "\"");
            socketProperties.setObjectName(socketPropertiesOname);
            Registry.getRegistry(null, null).registerComponent(socketProperties, socketPropertiesOname, null);

            for (SSLHostConfig sslHostConfig : findSslHostConfigs()) {
                registerJmx(sslHostConfig);
            }
        }
    }
    
    //NioEndpoint类
    public void bind() throws Exception {

        if (!getUseInheritedChannel()) {
            //获取nio通道channel，tomcat8之后默认就是nio
            serverSock = ServerSocketChannel.open();
            socketProperties.setProperties(serverSock.socket());
            InetSocketAddress addr = (getAddress()!=null?new InetSocketAddress(getAddress(),getPort()):new InetSocketAddress(getPort()));
            //绑定端口，但尚未使用accept获取客户端连接
            serverSock.socket().bind(addr,getAcceptCount());
        } else {
            // Retrieve the channel provided by the OS
            Channel ic = System.inheritedChannel();
            if (ic instanceof ServerSocketChannel) {
                serverSock = (ServerSocketChannel) ic;
            }
            if (serverSock == null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(sm.getString("endpoint.init.bind.inherited"));
            }
        }
        //设置为阻塞模式
        serverSock.configureBlocking(true); //mimic APR behavior

        // Initialize thread count defaults for acceptor, poller
        if (acceptorThreadCount == 0) {
            // FIXME: Doesn't seem to work that well with multiple accept threads
            acceptorThreadCount = 1;
        }
        if (pollerThreadCount <= 0) {
            //minimum one poller thread
            pollerThreadCount = 1;
        }
        setStopLatch(new CountDownLatch(pollerThreadCount));

        // 初始化SSL
        initialiseSsl();
　　　　　//初始化BlockPoller线程并启动
        selectorPool.open();
    }

start方法

public void start() {

        if (getServer() == null) {
            load();
        }

        if (getServer() == null) {
            log.fatal("Cannot start server. Server instance is not configured.");
            return;
        }

        long t1 = System.nanoTime();

        // Start the new server
        try {
            //最终调用的是StandardServer的startInternal方法
            getServer().start();
        } catch (LifecycleException e) {
            log.fatal(sm.getString("catalina.serverStartFail"), e);
            try {
                getServer().destroy();
            } catch (LifecycleException e1) {
                log.debug("destroy() failed for failed Server ", e1);
            }
            return;
        }

        long t2 = System.nanoTime();
        if(log.isInfoEnabled()) {
            log.info("Server startup in " + ((t2 - t1) / 1000000) + " ms");
        }

        // Register shutdown hook
        if (useShutdownHook) {
            if (shutdownHook == null) {
                shutdownHook = new CatalinaShutdownHook();
            }
            Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(shutdownHook);

            // If JULI is being used, disable JULI's shutdown hook since
            // shutdown hooks run in parallel and log messages may be lost
            // if JULI's hook completes before the CatalinaShutdownHook()
            LogManager logManager = LogManager.getLogManager();
            if (logManager instanceof ClassLoaderLogManager) {
                ((ClassLoaderLogManager) logManager).setUseShutdownHook(
                        false);
            }
        }

        if (await) {
            await();
            stop();
        }
    }

start方法采用的和init方法一样的设计模式，因此也是调用各个组件的startInternal方法，完成启动。

StandardServer的启动

    //StandardServer
    protected void startInternal() throws LifecycleException {

        fireLifecycleEvent(CONFIGURE_START_EVENT, null);
        setState(LifecycleState.STARTING);

        globalNamingResources.start();

        // Start our defined Services
        synchronized (servicesLock) {
            for (Service service : services) {
                //启动service
                service.start();
            }
        }
    }

StandardService的启动

//StandardService
    protected void startInternal() throws LifecycleException {

        if(log.isInfoEnabled()) {
            log.info(sm.getString("standardService.start.name", this.name));
        }
        setState(LifecycleState.STARTING);

        // Start our defined Container first
        if (engine != null) {
            synchronized (engine) {
                //启动engine
                engine.start();
            }
        }

        synchronized (executors) {
            for (Executor executor: executors) {
                executor.start();
            }
        }

        mapperListener.start();

        // Start our defined Connectors second
        synchronized (connectorsLock) {
            for (Connector connector: connectors) {
                try {
                    // If it has already failed, don't try and start it
                    if (connector.getState() != LifecycleState.FAILED) {
                        //启动connector
                        connector.start();
                    }
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    log.error(sm.getString(
                            "standardService.connector.startFailed",
                            connector), e);
                }
            }
        }
    }

StandardEngine的启动

    //StandardEngine
    protected synchronized void startInternal() throws LifecycleException {

        // Log our server identification information
        if (log.isInfoEnabled()) {
            log.info(sm.getString("standardEngine.start", ServerInfo.getServerInfo()));
        }

        // Standard container startup
        super.startInternal();
    }    
    //ContainerBase
    protected synchronized void startInternal() throws LifecycleException {

        // Start our subordinate components, if any
        logger = null;
        getLogger();
        Cluster cluster = getClusterInternal();
        if (cluster instanceof Lifecycle) {
            ((Lifecycle) cluster).start();
        }
        Realm realm = getRealmInternal();
        if (realm instanceof Lifecycle) {
            ((Lifecycle) realm).start();
        }

        //查找子容器，启动子容器，host在初始化阶段后还是不完整的需要继续封装你，把容器关系维护完整
        Container children[] = findChildren();
        List<Future<Void>> results = new ArrayList<>();
        for (Container child : children) {+-
            //在init阶段初始化的线程池，现在开始提交任务执行
            results.add(startStopExecutor.submit(new StartChild(child)));
        }

        MultiThrowable multiThrowable = null;

        for (Future<Void> result : results) {
            try {
                result.get();
            } catch (Throwable e) {
                log.error(sm.getString("containerBase.threadedStartFailed"), e);
                if (multiThrowable == null) {
                    multiThrowable = new MultiThrowable();
                }
                multiThrowable.add(e);
            }

        }
        if (multiThrowable != null) {
            throw new LifecycleException(sm.getString("containerBase.threadedStartFailed"),
                    multiThrowable.getThrowable());
        }

        // Start the Valves in our pipeline (including the basic), if any
        if (pipeline instanceof Lifecycle) {
            ((Lifecycle) pipeline).start();
        }
        //设置生命周期容器状态
        setState(LifecycleState.STARTING);

        // Start our thread
        threadStart();
    }

在init方法里，容器的初始化只执行到了Engine，剩下的容器初始化交给了在engine初始化方法里初始化的线程池来进行。进入ContainerBase的内部类StartChild的call方法，接着调用child.start()，最终调用StandardHost的startInternal方法。

    //StandardHost
    protected synchronized void startInternal() throws LifecycleException {

        // Set error report valve
        String errorValve = getErrorReportValveClass();
        if ((errorValve != null) && (!errorValve.equals(""))) {
            try {
                boolean found = false;
                Valve[] valves = getPipeline().getValves();
                for (Valve valve : valves) {
                    if (errorValve.equals(valve.getClass().getName())) {
                        found = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if(!found) {
                    Valve valve =
                        (Valve) Class.forName(errorValve).getConstructor().newInstance();
                    getPipeline().addValve(valve);
                }
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(t);
                log.error(sm.getString(
                        "standardHost.invalidErrorReportValveClass",
                        errorValve), t);
            }
        }
        //调用ContainerBase的startInternal方法
        super.startInternal();
    }

子线程再次进入ContainerBase的startInternal方法，这次findChildren()不会再次获得子容器，会接着往下，执行setState(LifecycleState.STARTING)方法，设置生命周期状态。

    //LifecycleBase
    protected synchronized void setState(LifecycleState state) throws LifecycleException {
        setStateInternal(state, null, true);
    }
    //LifecycleBase    
    private synchronized void setStateInternal(LifecycleState state, Object data, boolean check)
            throws LifecycleException {
        //省略代码
        ···

        this.state = state;
        String lifecycleEvent = state.getLifecycleEvent();
        if (lifecycleEvent != null) {
            //触发生命周期事件
            fireLifecycleEvent(lifecycleEvent, data);
        }
    }
    //LifecycleBase    
    protected void fireLifecycleEvent(String type, Object data) {
        LifecycleEvent event = new LifecycleEvent(this, type, data);
        for (LifecycleListener listener : lifecycleListeners) {
            //往监听器里添加事件
            listener.lifecycleEvent(event);
        }
    }

Host的实例化，是通过设置生命周期状态（start），通过触发host的生命周期事件fireLifecycleEvent来执行后续（还会接着实例化host下面的容器：context等）的工作，在Hostconfig（生命周期监听器）中完成。

    //HostConfig
    public void lifecycleEvent(LifecycleEvent event) {

        // Identify the host we are associated with
        try {
            host = (Host) event.getLifecycle();
            if (host instanceof StandardHost) {
                setCopyXML(((StandardHost) host).isCopyXML());
                setDeployXML(((StandardHost) host).isDeployXML());
                setUnpackWARs(((StandardHost) host).isUnpackWARs());
                setContextClass(((StandardHost) host).getContextClass());
            }
        } catch (ClassCastException e) {
            log.error(sm.getString("hostConfig.cce", event.getLifecycle()), e);
            return;
        }

        // Process the event that has occurred
        if (event.getType().equals(Lifecycle.PERIODIC_EVENT)) {
            check();
        } else if (event.getType().equals(Lifecycle.BEFORE_START_EVENT)) {
            beforeStart();
        } else if (event.getType().equals(Lifecycle.START_EVENT)) {
            //会执行此方法
            start();
        } else if (event.getType().equals(Lifecycle.STOP_EVENT)) {
            stop();
        }
    }

    public void start() {
        
        ···
        
        //部署app应用
        if (host.getDeployOnStartup()) {
            deployApps();
        }
    }
    //发布应用
    protected void deployApps() {
        File appBase = host.getAppBaseFile();
        File configBase = host.getConfigBaseFile();
        String[] filteredAppPaths = filterAppPaths(appBase.list());
        // XML描述的方式
        deployDescriptors(configBase, configBase.list());
        // WAR包的方式
        deployWARs(appBase, filteredAppPaths);
        // 文件夹的方式
        deployDirectories(appBase, filteredAppPaths);
    }

以文件夹的方式为例

    protected void deployDirectories(File appBase, String[] files) {

        if (files == null) {
            return;
        }
        //创建了一个线程池
        ExecutorService es = host.getStartStopExecutor();
        List<Future<?>> results = new ArrayList<>();

        for (String file : files) {
            if (file.equalsIgnoreCase("META-INF")) {
                continue;
            }
            if (file.equalsIgnoreCase("WEB-INF")) {
                continue;
            }

            File dir = new File(appBase, file);
            if (dir.isDirectory()) {
                ContextName cn = new ContextName(file, false);

                if (tryAddServiced(cn.getName())) {
                    try {
                        if (deploymentExists(cn.getName())) {
                            removeServiced(cn.getName());
                            continue;
                        }

                        // 把context的创建和start以线程的方式提交
                        results.add(es.submit(new DeployDirectory(this, cn, dir)));
                    } catch (Throwable t) {
                        ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(t);
                        removeServiced(cn.getName());
                        throw t;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        for (Future<?> result : results) {
            try {
                result.get();
            } catch (Exception e) {
                log.error(sm.getString("hostConfig.deployDir.threaded.error"), e);
            }
        }
    }
    //DeployDirectory
        public void run() {
            try {
                config.deployDirectory(cn, dir);
            } finally {
                config.removeServiced(cn.getName());
            }
        }
    //HostConfig
    protected void deployDirectory(ContextName cn, File dir) {

        ···

        try {
            if (deployThisXML && xml.exists()) {
                synchronized (digesterLock) {
                    try {
                        //通过xml解析获取Context对象
                        context = (Context) digester.parse(xml);
                    } catch (Exception e) {
                        log.error(sm.getString("hostConfig.deployDescriptor.error", xml), e);
                        context = new FailedContext();
                    } finally {
                        digester.reset();
                        if (context == null) {
                            context = new FailedContext();
                        }
                    }
                }

                if (copyThisXml == false && context instanceof StandardContext) {
                    // Host is using default value. Context may override it.
                    copyThisXml = ((StandardContext) context).getCopyXML();
                }

                if (copyThisXml) {
                    Files.copy(xml.toPath(), xmlCopy.toPath());
                    context.setConfigFile(xmlCopy.toURI().toURL());
                } else {
                    context.setConfigFile(xml.toURI().toURL());
                }
            } else if (!deployThisXML && xml.exists()) {
                // Block deployment as META-INF/context.xml may contain security
                // configuration necessary for a secure deployment.
                log.error(sm.getString("hostConfig.deployDescriptor.blocked", cn.getPath(), xml, xmlCopy));
                context = new FailedContext();
            } else {
                context = (Context) Class.forName(contextClass).getConstructor().newInstance();
            }

            Class<?> clazz = Class.forName(host.getConfigClass());
            LifecycleListener listener = (LifecycleListener) clazz.getConstructor().newInstance();
            context.addLifecycleListener(listener);

            context.setName(cn.getName());
            context.setPath(cn.getPath());
            context.setWebappVersion(cn.getVersion());
            context.setDocBase(cn.getBaseName());
            //添加到host容器中，此时context还是不完整的，需要进一步封装wrapper（servlet）
            host.addChild(context);
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(t);
            log.error(sm.getString("hostConfig.deployDir.error", dir.getAbsolutePath()), t);
        } finally {
            ···
        }

        deployed.put(cn.getName(), deployedApp);

        if( log.isInfoEnabled() ) {
            log.info(sm.getString("hostConfig.deployDir.finished",
                    dir.getAbsolutePath(), Long.valueOf(System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime)));
        }
    }

host.addChild(context)时才触发context实例核心内容

    //StandardHost
    public void addChild(Container child) {
        
        ···
        
        //调用父类
        super.addChild(child);

    }
    //ContainerBase
    public void addChild(Container child) {
        if (Globals.IS_SECURITY_ENABLED) {
            PrivilegedAction<Void> dp =
                new PrivilegedAddChild(child);
            AccessController.doPrivileged(dp);
        } else {
            addChildInternal(child);
        }
    }
    
    private void addChildInternal(Container child) {

        ···

        // Start child
        // Don't do this inside sync block - start can be a slow process and
        // locking the children object can cause problems elsewhere
        try {
            if ((getState().isAvailable() ||
                    LifecycleState.STARTING_PREP.equals(getState())) &&
                    startChildren) {
                //这个child就是StandardContext，接着依然通过父类调用到StandardContext的startInternal方法
                child.start();
            }
        } catch (LifecycleException e) {
            log.error("ContainerBase.addChild: start: ", e);
            throw new IllegalStateException(sm.getString("containerBase.child.start"), e);
        } finally {
            fireContainerEvent(ADD_CHILD_EVENT, child);
        }
    }

context具体读取web.xml封装wrapper过程也是使用了事件驱动机制，往监听器添加了一个事件，交给ContextConfig执行。

    protected synchronized void startInternal() throws LifecycleException {

        ···

        // 创建工作目录，tomcat下的work目录
        postWorkDirectory();

        ···

        if (getLoader() == null) {
            //web应用类加载器，每个Context都会设置一个
            WebappLoader webappLoader = new WebappLoader();
            webappLoader.setDelegate(getDelegate());
            setLoader(webappLoader);
        }

        ···

                // 发出生命周期事件，调度了ContextConfig，读取web.xml，这里就是读取某一个项目的web.xml内容
                fireLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.CONFIGURE_START_EVENT, null);

                ···

            // 加载初始化servlet（只是加载了servlet的全限定类名）
            if (ok) {
                //loadOnStartup才开始根据servlet的全限定类名初始化servlet
                if (!loadOnStartup(findChildren())){
                    log.error(sm.getString("standardContext.servletFail"));
                    ok = false;
                }
            }

        ···
    }
    
    public boolean loadOnStartup(Container children[]) {

        ···

        // Load the collected "load on startup" servlets
        for (ArrayList<Wrapper> list : map.values()) {
            for (Wrapper wrapper : list) {
                try {
                    //实例化servlet
                    wrapper.load();
                } catch (ServletException e) {
                    getLogger().error(sm.getString("standardContext.loadOnStartup.loadException",
                          getName(), wrapper.getName()), StandardWrapper.getRootCause(e));
                    // NOTE: load errors (including a servlet that throws
                    // UnavailableException from the init() method) are NOT
                    // fatal to application startup
                    // unless failCtxIfServletStartFails="true" is specified
                    if(getComputedFailCtxIfServletStartFails()) {
                        return false;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return true;

    }

    public synchronized void load() throws ServletException {
        //反射获取了servlet的实例
        instance = loadServlet();

        ···
    }

 Connector的启动，在StandardService的启动的时候先启动的Engine，然后遍历调用connector.start()，启动connector。

    protected void startInternal() throws LifecycleException {

        // Validate settings before starting
        if (getPort() < 0) {
            throw new LifecycleException(sm.getString(
                    "coyoteConnector.invalidPort", Integer.valueOf(getPort())));
        }

        setState(LifecycleState.STARTING);

        try {
            //关键点，协议处理器的启动
            protocolHandler.start();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new LifecycleException(
                    sm.getString("coyoteConnector.protocolHandlerStartFailed"), e);
        }
    }
    
    public void start() throws Exception {
        if (getLog().isInfoEnabled()) {
            getLog().info(sm.getString("abstractProtocolHandler.start", getName()));
        }
        //启动endpiont
        endpoint.start();

        // Start timeout thread
        asyncTimeout = new AsyncTimeout();
        Thread timeoutThread = new Thread(asyncTimeout, getNameInternal() + "-AsyncTimeout");
        int priority = endpoint.getThreadPriority();
        if (priority < Thread.MIN_PRIORITY || priority > Thread.MAX_PRIORITY) {
            priority = Thread.NORM_PRIORITY;
        }
        timeoutThread.setPriority(priority);
        timeoutThread.setDaemon(true);
        timeoutThread.start();
    }
    
    public final void start() throws Exception {
        if (bindState == BindState.UNBOUND) {
            bind();
            bindState = BindState.BOUND_ON_START;
        }
        startInternal();
    }
    //NioEndpoint
    public void startInternal() throws Exception {

        if (!running) {
            running = true;
            paused = false;

            processorCache = new SynchronizedStack<>(SynchronizedStack.DEFAULT_SIZE,
                    socketProperties.getProcessorCache());
            eventCache = new SynchronizedStack<>(SynchronizedStack.DEFAULT_SIZE,
                            socketProperties.getEventCache());
            nioChannels = new SynchronizedStack<>(SynchronizedStack.DEFAULT_SIZE,
                    socketProperties.getBufferPool());

            // Create worker collection
            if (getExecutor() == null) {
                createExecutor();
            }

            initializeConnectionLatch();

            // NIO模型 创建poller线程并启动
            pollers = new Poller[getPollerThreadCount()];
            for (int i=0; i<pollers.length; i++) {
                pollers[i] = new Poller();
                Thread pollerThread = new Thread(pollers[i], getName() + "-ClientPoller-"+i);
                pollerThread.setPriority(threadPriority);
                pollerThread.setDaemon(true);
                pollerThread.start();
            }
            //启动acceptor线程 
            startAcceptorThreads();
        }
    }

    protected final void startAcceptorThreads() {
        int count = getAcceptorThreadCount();
        acceptors = new Acceptor[count];

        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            acceptors[i] = createAcceptor();
            String threadName = getName() + "-Acceptor-" + i;
            acceptors[i].setThreadName(threadName);
            Thread t = new Thread(acceptors[i], threadName);
            t.setPriority(getAcceptorThreadPriority());
            t.setDaemon(getDaemon());
            t.start();
        }
    }

启动acceptor线程

public class NioEndpoint extends AbstractJsseEndpoint<NioChannel> {

    private volatile ServerSocketChannel serverSock = null;

    protected class
        Acceptor extends AbstractEndpoint.Acceptor {

        @Override
        public void run() {

            int errorDelay = 0;

            // Loop until we receive a shutdown command
            while (running) {

                // Loop if endpoint is paused
                while (paused && running) {
                    state = AcceptorState.PAUSED;
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(50);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        // Ignore
                    }
                }

                if (!running) {
                    break;
                }
                state = AcceptorState.RUNNING;

                try {
                    //if we have reached max connections, wait
                    countUpOrAwaitConnection();

                    SocketChannel socket = null;
                    try {
                        // 获取socket连接
                        socket = serverSock.accept();
                    } catch (IOException ioe) {
                        ···
                    }
                    ···
                } catch (Throwable t) {
                    ···
                }
            }
            state = AcceptorState.ENDED;
        }
        
        ···
        
    }
}

到此，tomecat的初始化工作就完成了，Acceptor线程会阻塞在socket = serverSock.accept()方法上，等待客户端的连接。