1、Parallel.Invoke 主要用于任务的并行
　　这个函数的功能和Task有些相似，就是并发执行一系列任务，然后等待所有完成。和Task比起来，省略了Task.WaitAll这一步，自然也缺少了Task的相关管理功能。它有两种形式:
　　Parallel.Invoke( params Action[] actions);
　　Parallel.Invoke(Action[] actions,TaskManager manager,TaskCreationOptions options);

using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var actions = new Action[]
            {
                () => ActionTest("test 1"),
                () => ActionTest("test 2"),
                () => ActionTest("test 3"),
                () => ActionTest("test 4")
            };

            Console.WriteLine("Parallel.Invoke 1 Test");
            Parallel.Invoke(actions);

            Console.WriteLine("结束！");
        }

        static void ActionTest(object value)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(">>> thread:{0}, value:{1}",
            Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, value);
        }
    }
}
Program

2、For方法，主要用于处理针对数组元素的并行操作(数据的并行) 

using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            int[] nums = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 };
            Parallel.For(0, nums.Length, (i) =>
            {
                Console.WriteLine("针对数组索引{0}对应的那个元素{1}的一些工作代码……ThreadId={2}", i, nums[i], Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
            });
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }
}
Program

3、Foreach方法，主要用于处理泛型集合元素的并行操作(数据的并行)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            List<int> nums = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 };
            Parallel.ForEach(nums, (item) =>
            {
                Console.WriteLine("针对集合元素{0}的一些工作代码……ThreadId={1}", item, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
            });
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }
}
Program

　　数据的并行的方式二(AsParallel()):

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            List<int> nums = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 };
            var evenNumbers = nums.AsParallel().Select(item => Calculate(item));
            //注意这里是个延迟加载,也就是不用集合的时候 这个Calculate里面的算法 是不会去运行 可以屏蔽下面的代码看效果;
            Console.WriteLine(evenNumbers.Count());
            //foreach (int item in evenNumbers)
            //    Console.WriteLine(item);
            Console.ReadKey();
        }

        static int Calculate(int number)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("针对集合元素{0}的一些工作代码……ThreadId={1}", number, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
            return number * 2;
        }
    }
}
Program

　　.AsOrdered() 对结果进行排序:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp
{

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            List<int> nums = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 };
            var evenNumbers = nums.AsParallel().AsOrdered().Select(item => Calculate(item));
            //注意这里是个延迟加载,也就是不用集合的时候 这个Calculate里面的算法 是不会去运行 可以屏蔽下面的代码看效果;
            //Console.WriteLine(evenNumbers.Count());
            foreach (int item in evenNumbers)
                Console.WriteLine(item);
            Console.ReadKey();
        }

        static int Calculate(int number)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("针对集合元素{0}的一些工作代码……ThreadId={1}", number, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
            return number * 2;
        }
    }
}
Program

　　ForEach的独到之处就是可以将数据进行分区，每一个小区内实现串行计算，分区采用Partitioner.Create实现。

using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            for (int j = 1; j < 4; j++)
            {
                ConcurrentBag<int>  bag = new ConcurrentBag<int>();
                var watch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
                watch.Start();
                Parallel.ForEach(Partitioner.Create(0, 3000000), i =>
                {
                    for (int m = i.Item1; m < i.Item2; m++)
                    {
                        bag.Add(m);
                    }
                });
                Console.WriteLine("并行计算：集合有:{0},总共耗时：{1}", bag.Count, watch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
                GC.Collect();

            }
        }
    }
}
Program

　　ParallelOptions类
　　ParallelOptions options = new ParallelOptions();
　　//指定使用的硬件线程数为4
　　options.MaxDegreeOfParallelism = 4;
　　有时候我们的线程可能会跑遍所有的内核，为了提高其他应用程序的稳定性，就要限制参与的内核，正好ParallelOptions提供了MaxDegreeOfParallelism属性。

using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    public class Student
    {
        public int ID { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public int Age { get; set; }
        public DateTime CreateTime { get; set; }
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var dic = LoadData();
            Stopwatch watch = new Stopwatch();
            watch.Start();
            var query2 = (from n in dic.Values.AsParallel()
                          where n.Age > 20 && n.Age < 25
                          select n).ToList();
            watch.Stop();
            Console.WriteLine("并行计算耗费时间：{0}", watch.ElapsedMilliseconds);

            Console.Read();
        }

        public static ConcurrentDictionary<int, Student> LoadData()
        {
            ConcurrentDictionary<int, Student> dic = new ConcurrentDictionary<int, Student>();
            ParallelOptions options = new ParallelOptions();
            //指定使用的硬件线程数为4
            options.MaxDegreeOfParallelism = 4;
            //预加载1500w条记录
            Parallel.For(0, 15000000, options, (i) =>
            {
                var single = new Student()
                {
                    ID = i,
                    Name = "hxc" + i,
                    Age = i % 151,
                    CreateTime = DateTime.Now.AddSeconds(i)
                };
                dic.TryAdd(i, single);
            });

            return dic;
        }
    }
}
Program

常见问题的处理

　　<1> 如何中途退出并行循环？
　　是的，在串行代码中我们break一下就搞定了，但是并行就不是这么简单了，不过没关系，在并行循环的委托参数中提供了一个ParallelLoopState，该实例提供了Break和Stop方法来帮我们实现。
　　Break: 当然这个是通知并行计算尽快的退出循环，比如并行计算正在迭代100，那么break后程序还会迭代所有小于100的。
　　Stop：这个就不一样了，比如正在迭代100突然遇到stop，那它啥也不管了，直接退出。

using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            ConcurrentBag<int> bag = new ConcurrentBag<int>();

            Parallel.For(0, 20000000, (i, state) =>
            {
                if (bag.Count == 1000)
                {
                    //state.Break();
                    state.Stop();
                    return;
                }
                bag.Add(i);
            });

            Console.WriteLine("当前集合有{0}个元素。", bag.Count);

        }
    }
}
Program

　　取消(cancel)

using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    class Program
    {
        public static void Main()
        {

            var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
            var ct = cts.Token;
            Task.Factory.StartNew(() => fun(ct));
            Console.ReadKey();
            //Thread.Sleep(3000);
            cts.Cancel();
            Console.WriteLine("任务取消了！");

        }

        static void fun(CancellationToken token)
        {
            Parallel.For(0, 100000,
                        new ParallelOptions { CancellationToken = token },
                        (i) =>
                        {
                            Console.WriteLine("针对数组索引{0}的一些工作代码……ThreadId={1}", i, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
                        });
        }
    }
}
Program

　　<2> 并行计算中抛出异常怎么处理？
　　首先任务是并行计算的，处理过程中可能会产生n多的异常，那么如何来获取到这些异常呢？普通的Exception并不能获取到异常，然而为并行诞生的AggregateExcepation就可以获取到一组异常。

using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            try
            {
                Parallel.Invoke(Run1, Run2);
            }
            catch (AggregateException ex)
            {
                foreach (var single in ex.InnerExceptions)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(single.Message);
                }
            }
            Console.WriteLine("结束了！");
            //Console.Read();
        }

        static void Run1()
        {
            Thread.Sleep(3000);
            throw new Exception("我是任务1抛出的异常");
        }

        static void Run2()
        {
            Thread.Sleep(5000);
            throw new Exception("我是任务2抛出的异常");
        }
    }
}
Program

　　注意Parallel里面 不建议抛出异常 因为在极端的情况下比如进去的第一批线程先都抛异常了 此时AggregateExcepation就只能捕获到这一批的错误,然后程序就结束了

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    public class TestClass
    {
        public static List<int> NumberList = null;
        private static readonly object locker = new object();
        public void Test(int Number)
        {
            throw new Exception("1111");
            //lock (locker)
            //{
            //    if (NumberList == null)
            //    {
            //        Console.WriteLine("执行添加");
            //        NumberList = new List<int>();
            //        NumberList.Add(1);
            //        //Thread.Sleep(1000);
            //    }
            //}
            //if (Number == 5 || Number == 7) throw new Exception(string.Format("NUmber{0}Boom!", Number));
            //Console.WriteLine(Number);
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        private static readonly object locker = new object();
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            List<string> errList = new List<string>();
            try
            {
                Parallel.For(0, 10, (i) =>
                {
                    try
                    {
                        TestClass a = new TestClass();
                        a.Test(i);
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex)
                    {
                        lock (locker)
                        {
                            errList.Add(ex.Message);
                            throw ex;
                        }
                    }
                });
            }
            catch (AggregateException ex)
            {
                foreach (var single in ex.InnerExceptions)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(single.Message);
                }
            }
            int Index = 1;
            foreach (string err in errList)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("{0}、的错误:{1}", Index++, err);
            }
        }
    }
}
Program

　　可以向下面这样来处理一下
　　不在AggregateExcepation中来处理 而是在Parallel里面的try catch来记录错误,或处理错误

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    public class TestClass
    {
        public static List<int> NumberList = null;
        private static readonly object locker = new object();
        public void Test(int Number)
        {
            throw new Exception("1111");
            //lock (locker)
            //{
            //    if (NumberList == null)
            //    {
            //        Console.WriteLine("执行添加");
            //        NumberList = new List<int>();
            //        NumberList.Add(1);
            //        //Thread.Sleep(1000);
            //    }
            //}
            //if (Number == 5 || Number == 7) throw new Exception(string.Format("NUmber{0}Boom!", Number));
            //Console.WriteLine(Number);
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        private static readonly object locker = new object();
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            List<string> errList = new List<string>();
            Parallel.For(0, 10, (i) =>
            {
                try
                {
                    TestClass a = new TestClass();
                    a.Test(i);
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    lock (locker)
                    {
                        errList.Add(ex.Message);
                    }
                    //Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
                    //注:这里不再将错误抛出.....
                    //throw ex;
                }
            });

            int Index = 1;
            foreach (string err in errList)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("{0}、的错误:{1}", Index++, err);
            }
        }
    }
}
Program