linux —— 基础——whatis & info & man & which & whereis
#man -k root@bae226a5b14a:/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d# man -k man add_key (2) - add a key to the kernel's key management facility at (1posix) - execute commands at a later time batch (1posix) - schedule commands to be executed in a batch queue bpf (2) - perform a command on an extended BPF map or program bsd_signal (3) - signal handling with BSD semantics command (1posix) - execute a simple command copysign (3posix) - number manipulation function cproj (3) - project into Riemann Sphere cprojf (3) - project into Riemann Sphere cprojl (3) - project into Riemann Sphere CPU_ALLOC (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_ALLOC_SIZE (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_AND (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_AND_S (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_CLR (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_CLR_S (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_COUNT (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_COUNT_S (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_EQUAL (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_EQUAL_S (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_FREE (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_ISSET (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_ISSET_S (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_OR (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_OR_S (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_SET (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_SET_S (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_XOR (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_XOR_S (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_ZERO (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets CPU_ZERO_S (3) - macros for manipulating CPU sets dot (1posix) - execute commands in the current environment env (1posix) - set the environment for command invocation ether_aton (3) - Ethernet address manipulation routines ether_aton_r (3) - Ethernet address manipulation routines ether_hostton (3) - Ethernet address manipulation routines ether_line (3) - Ethernet address manipulation routines ether_ntoa (3) - Ethernet address manipulation routines ether_ntoa_r (3) - Ethernet address manipulation routines ether_ntohost (3) - Ethernet address manipulation routines eval (1posix) - construct command by concatenating arguments exec (1posix) - execute commands and open, close, or copy file descriptors fallocate (2) - manipulate file space fc (1posix) - process the command history list fcntl (2) - manipulate file descriptor fcntl64 (2) - manipulate file descriptor frexp (3posix) - extract mantissa and exponent from a double precision number get_thread_area (2) - manipulate thread-local storage information getnameinfo (3) - address-to-name translation in protocol-independent manner getopt (3) - Parse command-line options getopt (3posix) - command option parsing getopt_long (3) - Parse command-line options getopt_long_only (3) - Parse command-line options gnu_dev_major (3) - manage a device number gnu_dev_makedev (3) - manage a device number gnu_dev_minor (3) - manage a device number hcreate (3) - hash table management hcreate (3posix) - manage hash search table hcreate_r (3) - hash table management hdestroy (3) - hash table management hdestroy_r (3) - hash table management hosts.equiv (5) - list of hosts and users that are granted "trusted" r command access to your system hsearch (3) - hash table management hsearch_r (3) - hash table management inet (3) - Internet address manipulation routines inet_addr (3) - Internet address manipulation routines inet_addr (3posix) - IPv4 address manipulation inet_aton (3) - Internet address manipulation routines inet_lnaof (3) - Internet address manipulation routines inet_makeaddr (3) - Internet address manipulation routines inet_netof (3) - Internet address manipulation routines inet_network (3) - Internet address manipulation routines inet_ntoa (3) - Internet address manipulation routines intro (1) - introduction to user commands intro (8) - introduction to administration and privileged commands ioctl_fat (2) - manipulating the FAT filesystem iruserok (3) - routines for returning a stream to a remote command iruserok_af (3) - routines for returning a stream to a remote command keyctl (2) - manipulate the kernel's key management facility keyrings (7) - in-kernel key management and retention facility major (3) - manage a device number makecontext (3) - manipulate user context makedev (3) - manage a device number man (1posix) - display system documentation man (7) - macros to format man pages man-pages (7) - conventions for writing Linux man pages minor (3) - manage a device number nextafter (3) - floating-point number manipulation nextafterf (3) - floating-point number manipulation nextafterl (3) - floating-point number manipulation nexttoward (3) - floating-point number manipulation nexttowardf (3) - floating-point number manipulation nexttowardl (3) - floating-point number manipulation optarg (3) - Parse command-line options opterr (3) - Parse command-line options optind (3) - Parse command-line options optopt (3) - Parse command-line options perf_event_open (2) - set up performance monitoring perfmonctl (2) - interface to IA-64 performance monitoring unit posix_trace_close (3posix) - trace log management (TRACING) posix_trace_eventid_equal (3posix) - manipulate the trace event type identifier (TRACING) posix_trace_eventset_add (3posix) - manipulate trace event type sets (TRACING) posix_trace_open (3posix) - trace log management (TRACING) pthread_getspecific (3posix) - thread-specific data management pthread_setspecific (3posix) - thread-specific data management quotactl (2) - manipulate disk quotas rcmd (3) - routines for returning a stream to a remote command rcmd_af (3) - routines for returning a stream to a remote command request_key (2) - request a key from the kernel's key management facility rexec (3) - return stream to a remote command rexec_af (3) - return stream to a remote command rresvport (3) - routines for returning a stream to a remote command rresvport_af (3) - routines for returning a stream to a remote command rtnetlink (3) - macros to manipulate rtnetlink messages ruserok (3) - routines for returning a stream to a remote command ruserok_af (3) - routines for returning a stream to a remote command set_thread_area (2) - manipulate thread-local storage information sgetmask (2) - manipulation of signal mask (obsolete) sh (1posix) - shell, the standard command language interpreter sighold (3posix) - signal management signal (3posix) - signal management significand (3) - get mantissa of floating-point number significandf (3) - get mantissa of floating-point number significandl (3) - get mantissa of floating-point number sigrelse (3posix) - signal management ssetmask (2) - manipulation of signal mask (obsolete) swapcontext (3) - manipulate user context sys_mman.h (7posix) - memory management declarations system (3) - execute a shell command system (3posix) - issue a command sysv_signal (3) - signal handling with System V semantics tdelete (3) - manage a binary search tree tdelete (3posix) - manage a binary search tree tdestroy (3) - manage a binary search tree tfind (3) - manage a binary search tree time (1posix) - time a simple command tsearch (3) - manage a binary search tree twalk (3) - manage a binary search tree twalk_r (3) - manage a binary search tree type (1posix) - write a description of command type ulimit.h (7posix) - ulimit commands uux (1posix) - remote command execution root@bae226a5b14a:/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d#
root@bae226a5b14a:/# whatis command command (1posix) - execute a simple command root@bae226a5b14a:/# whatis ls ls (1posix) - list directory contents root@bae226a5b14a:/# whatis man man (7) - macros to format man pages man (1posix) - display system documentation root@bae226a5b14a:/# whatis -w "loca*" locale (1) - get locale-specific information locale (1posix) - get locale-specific information locale (5) - describes a locale definition file locale (7) - description of multilanguage support locale.h (7posix) - category macros localeconv (3) - get numeric formatting information localeconv (3posix) - return locale-specific information localedef (1) - compile locale definition files localedef (1posix) - define locale environment localtime (3) - transform date and time to broken-down time or ASCII localtime (3posix) - convert a time value to a broken-down local time localtime_r (3) - transform date and time to broken-down time or ASCII root@bae226a5b14a:/# info command bash: info: command not found
# dockerfile && apt-get install -y info
1.2. 命令使用
查看命令的简要说明
简要说明命令的作用（显示命令所处的man分类页面）:
$whatis command
正则匹配:
$whatis -w "loca*"
更加详细的说明文档:
$info command
使用man
查询命令command的说明文档:
$man command
eg：man date
使用page up和page down来上下翻页
在man的帮助手册中，将帮助文档分为了9个类别，对于有的关键字可能存在多个类别中， 我们就需要指定特定的类别来查看；（一般我们查询bash命令，归类在1类中）；
man页面所属的分类标识(常用的是分类1和分类3)
(1)、用户可以操作的命令或者是可执行文件
(2)、系统核心可调用的函数与工具等
(3)、一些常用的函数与数据库
(4)、设备文件的说明
(5)、设置文件或者某些文件的格式
(6)、游戏
(7)、惯例与协议等。例如Linux标准文件系统、网络协议、ASCⅡ，码等说明内容
(8)、系统管理员可用的管理条令
(9)、与内核有关的文件
前面说到使用whatis会显示命令所在的具体的文档类别，我们学习如何使用它
eg:
$whatis printf
printf (1) - format and print data
printf (1p) - write formatted output
printf (3) - formatted output conversion
printf (3p) - print formatted output
printf [builtins] (1) - bash built-in commands, see bash(1)
我们看到printf在分类1和分类3中都有；分类1中的页面是命令操作及可执行文件的帮助；而3是常用函数库说明；如果我们想看的是C语言中printf的用法，可以指定查看分类3的帮助：
$man 3 printf
$man -k keyword
查询关键字 根据命令中部分关键字来查询命令，适用于只记住部分命令的场合；
eg：查找GNOME的config配置工具命令:
$man -k GNOME config| grep 1
对于某个单词搜索，可直接使用/word来使用: /-a; 多关注下SEE ALSO 可看到更多精彩内容
root@bae226a5b14a:/# whatis printf
printf (3) - formatted output conversion
printf (1posix) - write formatted output
printf (3posix) - print formatted output
root@bae226a5b14a:/# man 3 printf
PRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PRINTF(3)
NAME
printf, fprintf, dprintf, sprintf, snprintf, vprintf, vfprintf, vdprintf, vsprintf, vsnprintf - formatted out-
put conversion
SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
int printf(const char *format, ...);
int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...);
int dprintf(int fd, const char *format, ...);
int sprintf(char *str, const char *format, ...);
int snprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, ...);
#include <stdarg.h>
int vprintf(const char *format, va_list ap);
int vfprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list ap);
int vdprintf(int fd, const char *format, va_list ap);
int vsprintf(char *str, const char *format, va_list ap);
int vsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, va_list ap);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
snprintf(), vsnprintf():
_XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 || _ISOC99_SOURCE ||
|| /* Glibc versions <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE
dprintf(), vdprintf():
Since glibc 2.10:
_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200809L
Before glibc 2.10:
_GNU_SOURCE
DESCRIPTION
The functions in the printf() family produce output according to a format as described below. The functions
printf() and vprintf() write output to stdout, the standard output stream; fprintf() and vfprintf() write out-
put to the given output stream; sprintf(), snprintf(), vsprintf() and vsnprintf() write to the character
string str.
The function dprintf() is the same as fprintf() except that it outputs to a file descriptor, fd, instead of to
a stdio stream.
The functions snprintf() and vsnprintf() write at most size bytes (including the terminating null byte ('\0'))
to str.
The functions vprintf(), vfprintf(), vdprintf(), vsprintf(), vsnprintf() are equivalent to the functions
root@bae226a5b14a:/# man -k keyword
keyword: nothing appropriate.
root@bae226a5b14a:/# man -k GNOME config| grep 1
GNOME: nothing appropriate.
dir_colors (5) - configuration file for dircolors(1)
getconf (1posix) - get configuration values
root@bae226a5b14a:/#
查看路径
查看程序的binary文件所在路径:
$which command
eg:查找make程序安装路径:
$which make
/opt/app/openav/soft/bin/make install
查看程序的搜索路径:
$whereis command
当系统中安装了同一软件的多个版本时，不确定使用的是哪个版本时，这个命令就能派上用场；
总结
whatis info man which whereis
root@bae226a5b14a:/# man -k keyword keyword: nothing appropriate. root@bae226a5b14a:/# man -k GNOME config| grep 1 GNOME: nothing appropriate. dir_colors (5) - configuration file for dircolors(1) getconf (1posix) - get configuration values root@bae226a5b14a:/# which make root@bae226a5b14a:/# which vi /usr/bin/vi root@bae226a5b14a:/# whereis vi vi: /usr/bin/vi /usr/share/man/man1/vi.1posix.gz root@bae226a5b14a:/#
#dockerfile change # base image FROM ubuntu:latest LABEL maintainer="Pan" # WORKDIR /app EXPOSE 3000 EXPOSE 35729 COPY sources.list /etc/apt RUN apt-get update \ # && apt-get install -y locales \ # && apt-get install debconf \ # && echo "Asia/Shanghai" > /etc/timezone \ # && dpkg-reconfigure -f noninteractive tzdata \ # && cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime \ # && sed -i -e 's/# en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8/' /etc/locale.gen \ # && echo 'LANG="en_US.UTF-8"'>/etc/default/locale \ # && dpkg-reconfigure --frontend=noninteractive locales \ # && update-locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8 \ && apt-get install -y man \ && apt-get install manpages \ && apt-get install manpages-dev \ && apt-get install manpages-posix \ && apt-get install manpages-posix-dev \ && apt-get install -y vim \ && apt-get install -y info # CMD ["/bin"]
原文地址：
https://linuxtools-rst.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/base/01_use_man.html
