设计模式之(十七)状态模式State

由简单的开始会比较好理解状态模式的作用，先来看一个例子，如果您有一个只能顺时针转动的瓦斯开关，转动一次的状态为off、 small fire、medium fire与large fire，您如何在程式中控制状态的变化与行为呢？一个最简单的方式就是用if..else或是switch流程来控制，例如：

• State.java
• public class State { private int state; public State() { state = 0; } public void switchFire() { if (state == 0) { state = 1; System.out.println( "small fire" ); } else if (state == 1) { state = 2; System.out.println( "medium fire" ); } else if (state == 2) { state = 3; System.out.println( "large fire" ); } else { state = 0; System.out.println( "turning off" ); } } }

• Main.java
• public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { State state = new State(); state.switchFire(); state.switchFire(); state.switchFire(); state.switchFire(); } }
  

这个方法很简单，每个人都会，但如果您的状态变化并不是流水式的变化，而是像TCP连线状态一样，会是一个网络图的时候，用 if...else或switch来写的话，您的程式就会乱的不像话了；来考虑如何让物件控制自己的状态转换与所应表现的行为，这个程式可以这 样改写：

• IState.java
• public interface IState { public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw); }
  

• OffState
• public class OffState implements IState { public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new SmallState()); System.out.println( "small fire" ); } }

• SmallState.java
• public class SmallState implements IState { public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) { sw.setState(new MediumState()); System.out.println( "medium fire" ); } }

• MediumState.java

public class MediumState implements IState { 
    public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) { 
        sw.setState(new LargeState()); 
        System.out.println( "large fire" ); 
    } 
}  

• LargeState.java

public class LargeState implements IState { 
    public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) { 
        sw.setState(new OffState()); 
        System.out.println( "off fire" ); 
    } 
}  

• FireSwitch.java

public class FireSwitch { 
    private State current;

    public FireSwitch() { 
        current = new OffState(); 
    }

    public void setState(State s) { 
        current = s; 
    }

    public void switchFire() { 
        current.switchFire(this); 
    }
} 

• Main.java

public class Main { 
    public static void main(String[] args) { 
        FireSwitch fireSwitch = new FireSwitch();
        fireSwitch.switchFire(); 
        fireSwitch.switchFire(); 
        fireSwitch.switchFire(); 
        fireSwitch.switchFire(); 
    } 
} 

程式执行结果与上一个例子是一样的，但这次并没有用流程控制来进行状态转换，而由物件自行控制自己的状态，与必须表现的行为，这个方式就是State 模式，将这个例子的 UML 类别结构画出就如下所示：

再进一步考虑开关可以顺时针与逆时针转动，这时如果您仍以if...else或switch来写，就会让流程显示复杂，来看看如何使用状态模式来撰 写： 

• IState.java

public interface IState { 
    public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw); 
    public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw); 
}  

• OffState.java

public class OffState implements IState { 
    public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) { 
        sw.setState(new SmallState()); 
        System.out.println("small fire"); 
    }

    public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) { 
        sw.setState(new LargeState()); 
        System.out.println("large fire"); 
    } 
}  

• SmallState.java

public class SmallState implements IState { 
    public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) { 
        sw.setState(new MediumState()); 
        System.out.println("medium fire"); 
    } 

    public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) { 
        sw.setState(new OffState()); 
        System.out.println("off fire"); 
    } 
}  

• MediumState.java

public class MediumState implements IState { 
    public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) { 
        sw.setState(new LargeState()); 
        System.out.println("large fire"); 
    }
 
    public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) { 
        sw.setState(new SmallState()); 
        System.out.println("small fire"); 
    } 
}  

• LargeState.java

public class LargeState implements State { 
    public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) { 
        sw.setState(new OffState()); 
        System.out.println("off fire"); 
    }

    public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) { 
        sw.setState(new MediumState()); 
        System.out.println("medium fire"); 
    } 
}  

• FireSwitch.java

public class FireSwitch { 
    private State current;

    public FireSwitch() { 
        current = new OffState(); 
    }

    public void setState(State s) { 
        current = s; 
    }

    public void switchClockWise() { 
        current.switchClockWise(this); 
    }

    public void switchCountClock() { 
       current.switchCountClock(this); 
    } 
}  

• Main.java

public class Main { 
    public static void main(String[] args) { 
        FireSwitch fireSwitch = new FireSwitch();

        fireSwitch.switchClockWise(); 
        fireSwitch.switchClockWise(); 
        fireSwitch.switchClockWise(); 
        fireSwitch.switchClockWise(); 

        System.out.println();

        fireSwitch.switchCountClock(); 
        fireSwitch.switchCountClock(); 
        fireSwitch.switchCountClock(); 
        fireSwitch.switchCountClock(); 
    } 
} 

接下来您可以任意的转动开关了，无论是顺时针转动或是逆时针转动，状态的转换都由物件自己来表现，这是双向状态转换下的例子， 如果一个状态可能转换至三个以上的状态，使用State模式就更可以看出它的好处了，就像Gof的TCP连线例子一样，如果您了解TCP连线，可以看看原 书是如何实现TCP连线之间的状态转换的。 

State模式的UML结构图如下： 

转自http://www.riabook.cn/doc/designpattern/StatePattern.htm