http content-type详解
一、Content-Type的介绍及取值
http协议是建立在tcp/ip协议之上的应用层协议，主要包括三个部分，状态行，头部信息，消息主体。对应一个http请求就是：请求行，请求头，请求体。
协议规定post提交的数据，必须包含在消息主体中entity-body中，但是协议并没有规定数据使用什么编码方式。开发者可以自己决定消息主体的格式。
数据发送出去后，需要接收的服务端解析成功，一般服务端会根据content-type字段来获取参数是怎么编码的，然后对应去解码。
在最早的http post请求中，只支持application/x-www-form-urlencoded，参数都是通过浏览器的url传递。其实是不支持文件上传的，这样有很多不便。在1995年的时候，出台了rfc1867,也就是《RFC 1867 From-based file upload in HTML》,用以支持文件上传。
所以content-type扩充了multipart/form-data用以支持向服务器发送二进制数据。后来随着web应用的增多，增加了诸如application/json的类型。
Content-Type（内容类型），一般是指网页中存在的 Content-Type，用于定义网络文件的类型和网页的编码，决定浏览器将以什么形式、什么编码读取这个文件，这就是经常看到一些 PHP 网页点击的结果却是下载一个文件或一张图片的原因。
Content-Type 标头告诉客户端实际返回的内容的内容类型。
语法格式：
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=something
实例：
常见的媒体格式类型如下：
- text/html ： HTML格式
- text/plain ：纯文本格式
- text/xml ： XML格式
- image/gif ：gif图片格式
- image/jpeg ：jpg图片格式
- image/png：png图片格式
以application开头的媒体格式类型：
- application/xhtml+xml ：XHTML格式
- application/xml： XML数据格式
- application/atom+xml ：Atom XML聚合格式
- application/json： JSON数据格式
- application/pdf：pdf格式
- application/msword ： Word文档格式
- application/octet-stream ： 二进制流数据（如常见的文件下载）
- application/x-www-form-urlencoded ： <form encType=””>中默认的encType，form表单数据被编码为key/value格式发送到服务器（表单默认的提交数据的格式）
另外一种常见的媒体格式是上传文件之时使用的：
- multipart/form-data ： 需要在表单中进行文件上传时，就需要使用该格式
HTTP content-type 对照表
| 文件扩展名 | Content-Type(Mime-Type) | 文件扩展名 | Content-Type(Mime-Type) |
|---|---|---|---|
| .*（ 二进制流，不知道下载文件类型） | application/octet-stream | .tif | image/tiff |
| .001 | application/x-001 | .301 | application/x-301 |
| .323 | text/h323 | .906 | application/x-906 |
| .907 | drawing/907 | .a11 | application/x-a11 |
| .acp | audio/x-mei-aac | .ai | application/postscript |
| .aif | audio/aiff | .aifc | audio/aiff |
| .aiff | audio/aiff | .anv | application/x-anv |
| .asa | text/asa | .asf | video/x-ms-asf |
| .asp | text/asp | .asx | video/x-ms-asf |
| .au | audio/basic | .avi | video/avi |
| .awf | application/vnd.adobe.workflow | .biz | text/xml |
| .bmp | application/x-bmp | .bot | application/x-bot |
| .c4t | application/x-c4t | .c90 | application/x-c90 |
| .cal | application/x-cals | .cat | application/vnd.ms-pki.seccat |
| .cdf | application/x-netcdf | .cdr | application/x-cdr |
| .cel | application/x-cel | .cer | application/x-x509-ca-cert |
| .cg4 | application/x-g4 | .cgm | application/x-cgm |
| .cit | application/x-cit | .class | java/* |
| .cml | text/xml | .cmp | application/x-cmp |
| .cmx | application/x-cmx | .cot | application/x-cot |
| .crl | application/pkix-crl | .crt | application/x-x509-ca-cert |
| .csi | application/x-csi | .css | text/css |
| .cut | application/x-cut | .dbf | application/x-dbf |
| .dbm | application/x-dbm | .dbx | application/x-dbx |
| .dcd | text/xml | .dcx | application/x-dcx |
| .der | application/x-x509-ca-cert | .dgn | application/x-dgn |
| .dib | application/x-dib | .dll | application/x-msdownload |
| .doc | application/msword | .dot | application/msword |
| .drw | application/x-drw | .dtd | text/xml |
| .dwf | Model/vnd.dwf | .dwf | application/x-dwf |
| .dwg | application/x-dwg | .dxb | application/x-dxb |
| .dxf | application/x-dxf | .edn | application/vnd.adobe.edn |
| .emf | application/x-emf | .eml | message/rfc822 |
| .ent | text/xml | .epi | application/x-epi |
| .eps | application/x-ps | .eps | application/postscript |
| .etd | application/x-ebx | .exe | application/x-msdownload |
| .fax | image/fax | .fdf | application/vnd.fdf |
| .fif | application/fractals | .fo | text/xml |
| .frm | application/x-frm | .g4 | application/x-g4 |
| .gbr | application/x-gbr | . | application/x- |
| .gif | image/gif | .gl2 | application/x-gl2 |
| .gp4 | application/x-gp4 | .hgl | application/x-hgl |
| .hmr | application/x-hmr | .hpg | application/x-hpgl |
| .hpl | application/x-hpl | .hqx | application/mac-binhex40 |
| .hrf | application/x-hrf | .hta | application/hta |
| .htc | text/x-component | .htm | text/html |
| .html | text/html | .htt | text/webviewhtml |
| .htx | text/html | .icb | application/x-icb |
| .ico | image/x-icon | .ico | application/x-ico |
| .iff | application/x-iff | .ig4 | application/x-g4 |
| .igs | application/x-igs | .iii | application/x-iphone |
| .img | application/x-img | .ins | application/x-internet-signup |
| .isp | application/x-internet-signup | .IVF | video/x-ivf |
| .java | java/* | .jfif | image/jpeg |
| .jpe | image/jpeg | .jpe | application/x-jpe |
| .jpeg | image/jpeg | .jpg | image/jpeg |
| .jpg | application/x-jpg | .js | application/x-javascript |
| .jsp | text/html | .la1 | audio/x-liquid-file |
| .lar | application/x-laplayer-reg | .latex | application/x-latex |
| .lavs | audio/x-liquid-secure | .lbm | application/x-lbm |
| .lmsff | audio/x-la-lms | .ls | application/x-javascript |
| .ltr | application/x-ltr | .m1v | video/x-mpeg |
| .m2v | video/x-mpeg | .m3u | audio/mpegurl |
| .m4e | video/mpeg4 | .mac | application/x-mac |
| .man | application/x-troff-man | .math | text/xml |
| .mdb | application/msaccess | .mdb | application/x-mdb |
| .mfp | application/x-shockwave-flash | .mht | message/rfc822 |
| .mhtml | message/rfc822 | .mi | application/x-mi |
| .mid | audio/mid | .midi | audio/mid |
| .mil | application/x-mil | .mml | text/xml |
| .mnd | audio/x-musicnet-download | .mns | audio/x-musicnet-stream |
| .mocha | application/x-javascript | .movie | video/x-sgi-movie |
| .mp1 | audio/mp1 | .mp2 | audio/mp2 |
| .mp2v | video/mpeg | .mp3 | audio/mp3 |
| .mp4 | video/mpeg4 | .mpa | video/x-mpg |
| .mpd | application/vnd.ms-project | .mpe | video/x-mpeg |
| .mpeg | video/mpg | .mpg | video/mpg |
| .mpga | audio/rn-mpeg | .mpp | application/vnd.ms-project |
| .mps | video/x-mpeg | .mpt | application/vnd.ms-project |
| .mpv | video/mpg | .mpv2 | video/mpeg |
| .mpw | application/vnd.ms-project | .mpx | application/vnd.ms-project |
| .mtx | text/xml | .mxp | application/x-mmxp |
| .net | image/pnetvue | .nrf | application/x-nrf |
| .nws | message/rfc822 | .odc | text/x-ms-odc |
| .out | application/x-out | .p10 | application/pkcs10 |
| .p12 | application/x-pkcs12 | .p7b | application/x-pkcs7-certificates |
| .p7c | application/pkcs7-mime | .p7m | application/pkcs7-mime |
| .p7r | application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp | .p7s | application/pkcs7-signature |
| .pc5 | application/x-pc5 | .pci | application/x-pci |
| .pcl | application/x-pcl | .pcx | application/x-pcx |
| application/pdf | application/pdf | ||
| .pdx | application/vnd.adobe.pdx | .pfx | application/x-pkcs12 |
| .pgl | application/x-pgl | .pic | application/x-pic |
| .pko | application/vnd.ms-pki.pko | .pl | application/x-perl |
| .plg | text/html | .pls | audio/scpls |
| .plt | application/x-plt | .png | image/png |
| .png | application/x-png | .pot | application/vnd.ms-powerpoint |
| .ppa | application/vnd.ms-powerpoint | .ppm | application/x-ppm |
| .pps | application/vnd.ms-powerpoint | .ppt | application/vnd.ms-powerpoint |
| .ppt | application/x-ppt | .pr | application/x-pr |
| .prf | application/pics-rules | .prn | application/x-prn |
| .prt | application/x-prt | .ps | application/x-ps |
| .ps | application/postscript | .ptn | application/x-ptn |
| .pwz | application/vnd.ms-powerpoint | .r3t | text/vnd.rn-realtext3d |
| .ra | audio/vnd.rn-realaudio | .ram | audio/x-pn-realaudio |
| .ras | application/x-ras | .rat | application/rat-file |
| .rdf | text/xml | .rec | application/vnd.rn-recording |
| .red | application/x-red | .rgb | application/x-rgb |
| .rjs | application/vnd.rn-realsystem-rjs | .rjt | application/vnd.rn-realsystem-rjt |
| .rlc | application/x-rlc | .rle | application/x-rle |
| .rm | application/vnd.rn-realmedia | .rmf | application/vnd.adobe.rmf |
| .rmi | audio/mid | .rmj | application/vnd.rn-realsystem-rmj |
| .rmm | audio/x-pn-realaudio | .rmp | application/vnd.rn-rn_music_package |
| .rms | application/vnd.rn-realmedia-secure | .rmvb | application/vnd.rn-realmedia-vbr |
| .rmx | application/vnd.rn-realsystem-rmx | .rnx | application/vnd.rn-realplayer |
| .rp | image/vnd.rn-realpix | .rpm | audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin |
| .rsml | application/vnd.rn-rsml | .rt | text/vnd.rn-realtext |
| .rtf | application/msword | .rtf | application/x-rtf |
| .rv | video/vnd.rn-realvideo | .sam | application/x-sam |
| .sat | application/x-sat | .sdp | application/sdp |
| .sdw | application/x-sdw | .sit | application/x-stuffit |
| .slb | application/x-slb | .sld | application/x-sld |
| .slk | drawing/x-slk | .smi | application/smil |
| .smil | application/smil | .smk | application/x-smk |
| .snd | audio/basic | .sol | text/plain |
| .sor | text/plain | .spc | application/x-pkcs7-certificates |
| .spl | application/futuresplash | .spp | text/xml |
| .ssm | application/streamingmedia | .sst | application/vnd.ms-pki.certstore |
| .stl | application/vnd.ms-pki.stl | .stm | text/html |
| .sty | application/x-sty | .svg | text/xml |
| .swf | application/x-shockwave-flash | .tdf | application/x-tdf |
| .tg4 | application/x-tg4 | .tga | application/x-tga |
| .tif | image/tiff | .tif | application/x-tif |
| .tiff | image/tiff | .tld | text/xml |
| .top | drawing/x-top | .torrent | application/x-bittorrent |
| .tsd | text/xml | .txt | text/plain |
| .uin | application/x-icq | .uls | text/iuls |
| .vcf | text/x-vcard | .vda | application/x-vda |
| .vdx | application/vnd.visio | .vml | text/xml |
| .vpg | application/x-vpeg005 | .vsd | application/vnd.visio |
| .vsd | application/x-vsd | .vss | application/vnd.visio |
| .vst | application/vnd.visio | .vst | application/x-vst |
| .vsw | application/vnd.visio | .vsx | application/vnd.visio |
| .vtx | application/vnd.visio | .vxml | text/xml |
| .wav | audio/wav | .wax | audio/x-ms-wax |
| .wb1 | application/x-wb1 | .wb2 | application/x-wb2 |
| .wb3 | application/x-wb3 | .wbmp | image/vnd.wap.wbmp |
| .wiz | application/msword | .wk3 | application/x-wk3 |
| .wk4 | application/x-wk4 | .wkq | application/x-wkq |
| .wks | application/x-wks | .wm | video/x-ms-wm |
| .wma | audio/x-ms-wma | .wmd | application/x-ms-wmd |
| .wmf | application/x-wmf | .wml | text/vnd.wap.wml |
| .wmv | video/x-ms-wmv | .wmx | video/x-ms-wmx |
| .wmz | application/x-ms-wmz | .wp6 | application/x-wp6 |
| .wpd | application/x-wpd | .wpg | application/x-wpg |
| .wpl | application/vnd.ms-wpl | .wq1 | application/x-wq1 |
| .wr1 | application/x-wr1 | .wri | application/x-wri |
| .wrk | application/x-wrk | .ws | application/x-ws |
| .ws2 | application/x-ws | .wsc | text/scriptlet |
| .wsdl | text/xml | .wvx | video/x-ms-wvx |
| .xdp | application/vnd.adobe.xdp | .xdr | text/xml |
| .xfd | application/vnd.adobe.xfd | .xfdf | application/vnd.adobe.xfdf |
| .xhtml | text/html | .xls | application/vnd.ms-excel |
| .xls | application/x-xls | .xlw | application/x-xlw |
| .xml | text/xml | .xpl | audio/scpls |
| .xq | text/xml | .xql | text/xml |
| .xquery | text/xml | .xsd | text/xml |
| .xsl | text/xml | .xslt | text/xml |
| .xwd | application/x-xwd | .x_b | application/x-x_b |
| .sis | application/vnd.symbian.install | .sisx | application/vnd.symbian.install |
| .x_t | application/x-x_t | .ipa | application/vnd.iphone |
| .apk | application/vnd.android.package-archive | .xap | application/x-silverlight-app |
二、四种常见的POST提交数据方式的媒体格式类型详解
1、application/json
- application/json 这个 Content-Type 作为响应头大家肯定不陌生。实际上，现在越来越多的人把它作为请求头，用来告诉服务端消息主体是序列化后的 JSON 字符串。由于 JSON 规范的流行，除了低版本 IE 之外的各大浏览器都原生支持 JSON.stringify，服务端语言也都有处理 JSON 的函数，使用 JSON 不会遇上什么麻烦。
- JSON 格式支持比键值对复杂得多的结构化数据，这一点也很有用。记得我几年前做一个项目时，需要提交的数据层次非常深，我就是把数据 JSON 序列化之后来提交的。不过当时我是把 JSON 字符串作为 val，仍然放在键值对里，以 x-www-form-urlencoded 方式提交。
- Google 的 AngularJS 中的 Ajax 功能，默认就是提交 JSON 字符串（当然 AngularJS 也可以配置为使用 x-www-form-urlencoded 方式提交数据 ）。例如下面这段代码：
var data = {'title':'test', 'sub' : [1,2,3]};
$http.post(url, data).success(function(result) {
...
});
最终发送的请求是：
POST http://www.example.com HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/json;charset=utf-8
{"title":"test","sub":[1,2,3]}
这种方案，可以方便的提交复杂的结构化数据，特别适合 RESTful 的接口。各大抓包工具如 Chrome 自带的开发者工具、Firebug、Fiddler，都会以树形结构展示 JSON 数据，非常友好。但也有些服务端语言还没有支持这种方式，例如 php 就无法通过 $_POST 对象从上面的请求中获得内容。这时候，需要自己动手处理下：在请求头中 Content-Type 为 application/json 时，从 php://input 里获得原始输入流，再 json_decode 成对象。一些 php 框架已经开始这么做了。
2、application/x-www-form-urlencoded（Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=utf-8 ）
这应该是最常见的 POST 提交数据的方式了。浏览器的原生 form 表单，如果不设置 encType 属性，那么最终就会以 application/x-www-form-urlencoded 方式提交数据；
- 首先，Content-Type 被指定为 application/x-www-form-urlencoded；
- 其次，提交的数据按照 key1=val1&key2=val2 的方式进行编码，key 和 val 都进行了 URL 转码；
3、multipart/form-data
当使用表单上传文件时，必须设置encType属性为这个请求头，下面是一个请求示例的network截图：
上面提到的两种表单方式都是浏览器原生支持的，而且现阶段原生 form 表单也只支持这两种方式。但是随着越来越多的 Web 站点，尤其是 WebApp，全部使用 Ajax 进行数据交互之后，我们完全可以定义新的数据提交方式，给开发带来更多便利。
可以看到里面有一个boundary分界，值为：WebKit.......62，请求时，会放在Content-Type后面传到服务器，服务器根据这个边界解析数据，划分段，每一段都是一项数据。每一项中的name属性就是唯一的id
4、text/xml
尚未使用，如遇到的话会持续进行更新
XML-RPC（XML Remote Procedure Call）。它是一种使用 HTTP 作为传输协议，XML 作为编码方式的远程调用规范。典型的 XML-RPC 请求是这样的：
POST http://www.example.com HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: text/xml
<!--?xml version="1.0"?-->
<methodcall>
<methodname>examples.getStateName</methodname>
<params>
<param>
<value><i4>41</i4></value>
</params>
</methodcall>
XML-RPC 协议简单、功能够用，各种语言的实现都有。它的使用也很广泛，如 WordPress 的 XML-RPC Api，搜索引擎的 ping 服务等等。JavaScript 中，也有现成的库支持以这种方式进行数据交互，能很好的支持已有的 XML-RPC 服务。不过，我个人觉得 XML 结构还是过于臃肿，一般场景用 JSON 会更灵活方便。
5、application/xml and text/xml的区别
二者功能一模一样，唯一的区别就是编码格式，text/xml忽略xml头所指定编码格式而默认采用us-ascii编码，而application/xml会根据xml头指定的编码格式来编码：
例子1：
webservice传输的文件
- Content-type: application/xml; charset="utf-16"
- {BOM}<?xml version="1.0"?>
- Content-type: application/xml; charset="utf-16"
- {BOM}<?xml version="1.0"?>
XML and MIME processors会按照utf-16编码处理该文件
例子2：
webservice传输的文件
- Content-type: application/xml
- <?xml version='1.0'?>
- Content-type: application/xml
- <?xml version='1.0'?>
XML processors会按照utf-8编码处理该文件
例子3：
webservice传输的文件
- Content-type: application/xml
- <?xml version='1.0' encoding="ISO-10646-UCS-4"?>
- Content-type: application/xml
- <?xml version='1.0' encoding="ISO-10646-UCS-4"?>
XML processors会按照UCS-4编码处理该文件
例子4：
webservice传输的文件
- Content-type: text/xml
- {BOM}<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?>
- Content-type: text/xml
- {BOM}<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?>
XML processors会按照us-ascii，而不是utf-16编码处理该文件
参考：
https://www.runoob.com/http/http-content-type.html
https://www.cnblogs.com/wxh0929/p/11130464.html
https://blog.csdn.net/u014209205/article/details/81147783
https://www.cnblogs.com/wushifeng/p/6707248.html
https://www.cnblogs.com/mkl34367803/p/8477624.html
