java中的CAS
转自：http://www.blogjava.net/mstar/archive/2013/04/24/398351.html
Atomic 从JDK5开始, java.util.concurrent包里提供了很多面向并发编程的类. 使用这些类在多核CPU的机器上会有比较好的性能.
主要原因是这些类里面大多使用(失败-重试方式的)乐观锁而不是synchronized方式的悲观锁.
1. incrementAndGet的实现
public final int incrementAndGet() { for (;;) { int current = get(); int next = current + 1; if (compareAndSet(current, next)) return next; } }
首先可以看到他是通过一个无限循环(spin)直到increment成功为止.
循环的内容是
1.取得当前值
2.计算+1后的值
3.如果当前值还有效(没有被)的话设置那个+1后的值
4.如果设置没成功(当前值已经无效了即被别的线程改过了), 再从1开始.
2. compareAndSet的实现
public final boolean compareAndSet(int expect, int update) { return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, valueOffset, expect, update); }
直接调用的是UnSafe这个类的compareAndSwapInt方法
全称是sun.misc.Unsafe. 这个类是Oracle(Sun)提供的实现. 可以在别的公司的JDK里就不是这个类了
3. compareAndSwapInt的实现
/** * Atomically update Java variable to <tt>x</tt> if it is currently * holding <tt>expected</tt>. * @return <tt>true</tt> if successful */ public final native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object o, long offset, int expected, int x);
可以看到, 不是用Java实现的, 而是通过JNI调用操作系统的原生程序.
4. compareAndSwapInt的native实现
如果你下载了OpenJDK的源代码的话在hotspot\src\share\vm\prims\目录下可以找到unsafe.cpp
UNSAFE_ENTRY(jboolean, Unsafe_CompareAndSwapInt(JNIEnv *env, jobject unsafe, jobject obj, jlong offset, jint e, jint x)) UnsafeWrapper("Unsafe_CompareAndSwapInt"); oop p = JNIHandles::resolve(obj); jint* addr = (jint *) index_oop_from_field_offset_long(p, offset); return (jint)(Atomic::cmpxchg(x, addr, e)) == e; UNSAFE_END
可以看到实际上调用Atomic类的cmpxchg方法.
5. Atomic的cmpxchg
这个类的实现是跟操作系统有关, 跟CPU架构也有关, 如果是windows下x86的架构
实现在hotspot\src\os_cpu\windows_x86\vm\目录的atomic_windows_x86.inline.hpp文件里
inline jint Atomic::cmpxchg (jint exchange_value, volatile jint* dest, jint compare_value) { // alternative for InterlockedCompareExchange int mp = os::is_MP(); __asm { mov edx, dest mov ecx, exchange_value mov eax, compare_value LOCK_IF_MP(mp) cmpxchg dword ptr [edx], ecx } }
在这里可以看到是用嵌入的汇编实现的, 关键CPU指令是 cmpxchg
到这里没法再往下找代码了. 也就是说CAS的原子性实际上是CPU实现的. 其实在这一点上还是有排他锁的. 只是比起用synchronized, 这里的排他时间要短的多. 所以在多线程情况下性能会比较好.
代码里有个alternative for InterlockedCompareExchange
这个InterlockedCompareExchange是WINAPI里的一个函数, 做的事情和上面这段汇编是一样的
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms683560%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
AtomicInteger的源码说明
/** 内部使用一个int字段用来表示一个value值，借助compareAndSwap实现原子更新 **/ public class AtomicInteger extends Number implements java.io.Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 6214790243416807050L; // setup to use Unsafe.compareAndSwapInt for updates private static final Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe(); private static final long valueOffset; static { try { //这个值标示了value在对象中的位置，compareAndSet的时候会使用到这个值 valueOffset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset (AtomicInteger.class.getDeclaredField("value")); } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Error(ex); } } private volatile int value; /** * Creates a new AtomicInteger with the given initial value. * * @param initialValue the initial value */ public AtomicInteger(int initialValue) { value = initialValue; } /** * Creates a new AtomicInteger with initial value {@code 0}. */ public AtomicInteger() { } /** * Gets the current value. * * @return the current value */ public final int get() { return value; } /** * Sets to the given value. * * @param newValue the new value */ public final void set(int newValue) { value = newValue; } /** * Eventually sets to the given value. * * @param newValue the new value * @since 1.6 */ public final void lazySet(int newValue) { //这里直接给内存位置赋值，不需要设置内存屏蔽，在某些情况下效率高 unsafe.putOrderedInt(this, valueOffset, newValue); } /** * Atomically sets to the given value and returns the old value. * * @param newValue the new value * @return the previous value */ public final int getAndSet(int newValue) { for (;;) { int current = get(); if (compareAndSet(current, newValue)) return current; } } /** * Atomically sets the value to the given updated value * if the current value {@code ==} the expected value. * * @param expect the expected value * @param update the new value * @return true if successful. False return indicates that * the actual value was not equal to the expected value. */ public final boolean compareAndSet(int expect, int update) { return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, valueOffset, expect, update); } /** * Atomically sets the value to the given updated value * if the current value {@code ==} the expected value. * * <p>May <a href="package-summary.html#Spurious">fail spuriously</a> * and does not provide ordering guarantees, so is only rarely an * appropriate alternative to {@code compareAndSet}. * * @param expect the expected value * @param update the new value * @return true if successful. */ public final boolean weakCompareAndSet(int expect, int update) { return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, valueOffset, expect, update); } /** * Atomically increments by one the current value. * * @return the previous value */ public final int getAndIncrement() { for (;;) { int current = get(); int next = current + 1; if (compareAndSet(current, next)) return current; } } /** * Atomically decrements by one the current value. * * @return the previous value */ public final int getAndDecrement() { for (;;) { int current = get(); int next = current - 1; if (compareAndSet(current, next)) return current; } } /** * Atomically adds the given value to the current value. * * @param delta the value to add * @return the previous value */ public final int getAndAdd(int delta) { for (;;) { int current = get(); int next = current + delta; if (compareAndSet(current, next)) return current; } } /** * Atomically increments by one the current value. * * @return the updated value */ public final int incrementAndGet() { for (;;) { int current = get(); int next = current + 1; if (compareAndSet(current, next)) return next; } } /** * Atomically decrements by one the current value. * * @return the updated value */ public final int decrementAndGet() { for (;;) { int current = get(); int next = current - 1; if (compareAndSet(current, next)) return next; } } /** * Atomically adds the given value to the current value. * * @param delta the value to add * @return the updated value */ public final int addAndGet(int delta) { for (;;) { int current = get(); int next = current + delta; if (compareAndSet(current, next)) return next; } } /** * Returns the String representation of the current value. * @return the String representation of the current value. */ public String toString() { return Integer.toString(get()); } public int intValue() { return get(); } public long longValue() { return (long)get(); } public float floatValue() { return (float)get(); } public double doubleValue() { return (double)get(); }
关于lazySet的说明： http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1468007/atomicinteger-lazyset-vs-set
