内存对齐规则
- 结构体(struct)/联合体(union)里的数据成员:第一个数据成员放在offset为0的地方,以后每个数据成员存储的起始位置要从该成员大小的整数倍开始。
- 结构体作为成员:如果一个结构里有某些结构体成员,则结构体成员要从其内部最大元素大小的整数倍地址开始存储。
- 结构体的总大小对齐:也就是sizeof的结果,必须是其内部最大成员的整数倍,不足的要补齐。
| VS2013 + WIN7_64 char = 1 short = 2 int = 4 long = 4 float = 4 double = 8 |
实例:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
typedef struct StuInfo
{
int id;//4个字节,0 - 3
double weight;//8个字节,8 - 15
float height;//4个字节,16 - 19
//整体对齐4 * 5 = 20
}StuInfo;
typedef struct Stu
{
char name[2];//2个字节,0 - 1
int id;//4个字节,4 - 7
double score;//8个字节,8 - 15
short grade;//2个字节,16 - 17
StuInfo c;//24个字节,24 - 47
}Stu;
int main(void)
{
cout << "StuInfo = " << sizeof(StuInfo) << endl;
cout << "Stu = " << sizeof(Stu) << endl;
/*
cout << "char = " << sizeof(char) << endl;
cout << "short = " << sizeof(short) << endl;
cout << "int = " << sizeof(int) << endl;
cout << "long = " << sizeof(long) << endl;
cout << "float = " << sizeof(float) << endl;
cout << "double = " << sizeof(double) << endl;
*/
return 0;
}输出:
StuInfo = 24
Stu = 48
Stu = 48
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
当我们在VS设置#pragma pack(1)时,是在告诉编译器,所有的对齐都是按照1的整数倍,即不采用内存对齐规则。所以以上输出为:
StuInfo = 16
Stu = 32
Stu = 32
#pragma pack(4) ---->所有的对齐都是按照4的整数倍
#pragma pack(4)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
typedef struct StuInfo
{
int id;//4个字节,0 - 3
double weight;//8个字节,4 - 11
float height;//4个字节,12 - 15
}StuInfo;//16个字节
typedef struct Stu
{
char name[2];//2个字节,0 - 1
int id;//4个字节,4 - 7
double score;//8个字节,8 - 15
short grade;//2个字节,16 - 17
StuInfo c;//16个字节,20 - 35
}Stu;//36个字节
int main(void)
{
cout << "StuInfo = " << sizeof(StuInfo) << endl;
cout << "Stu = " << sizeof(Stu) << endl;
/*
cout << "char = " << sizeof(char) << endl;
cout << "short = " << sizeof(short) << endl;
cout << "int = " << sizeof(int) << endl;
cout << "long = " << sizeof(long) << endl;
cout << "float = " << sizeof(float) << endl;
cout << "double = " << sizeof(double) << endl;
*/
return 0;
}输出:StuInfo = 16
Stu = 36
Stu = 36
Keep it simple!

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