路由重发布

  • 1. 定义 👨🏻‍🎓
    • 1.1. 原则
  • 2. 种子度量值
    • 2.1. 默认种子度量值
  • 3. 协议间重发布
    • 3.1. => RIP (metric 1)
    • 3.2. => OSPF (subnets)
    • 3.3. => EIGRP (10000 100 255 1 1500)
  • 4. 重发布静态路由
  • 5. 重发布直连接口
  • 6. 实验
    • 6.1. 单点双向重发布
    • 6.2. 单点重分发次优路径问题
    • 6.3. 多点单向重发布存在的问题
    • 6.4. 多点双向重发布产生环路的问题
  • 7. 路由协议迁移套路

1 定义 👨🏻‍🎓

在路由器上,当将路由协议 A 重发布进路由协议 B 时, 会将路由器上 所有运行 A 协议的接口以及所有学习到的 A 协议路由 重分布进 B 协议中。

换句话说,可以被重分布的路由条目有两种:

  1. 因为重分布是 基于路由表 的, 只有在路由表中呈现为协议 A 的路由条目时,才会重分布进路由协议 B
  2. 被 A 协议所 network 的 直连接口 也会被重分布进 B 协议

1.1 原则

(其实就是上面所描述的内容的总结)

  • 重分布总是 向外的 ,执行重分发的路由器不会修改其自身的路由表,否则就是 过河拆桥
  • 要发布出去的路由必须要 存在 于路由表中(且 类型为源路由协议或与源协议路由器直连的网段)才能被重分发

2 种子度量值

种子度量值也叫初始度量值,默认度量值。是在重分发配置期间定义的,可使用命令 default-metric 或在 redistribute 命令中使用 metric 来指定。

2.1 默认种子度量值

重分布 进入 的协议默认度量值备注
RIP 重分布时必须手工指定 metric 值 [重分布直连,静态默认为 1]
EIGRP 重分布时必须手工指定 metric 值(10000 100 255 1 1500)[重分布直连,静态会自动计算,EIGRP 进程间重分布不需要指定]
OSPF BGP 为 1 ,其他路由为 20 注意加上 subnets 关键字,否则自由主类路由会被重分布
ISIS 0  
BGP set to IGP metric value  

3 协议间重发布

 

3.1 => RIP (metric 1)

指定 metric 为 1 即可。

 

 

 

 

3.2 => OSPF (subnets)

 

 

3.3 => EIGRP (10000 100 255 1 1500)

需要指定 带宽/延迟/可靠性/负载/MTU 作为 metric 。

4 重发布静态路由

redistribute static

5 重发布直连接口

通常用于不想通告接口,但又想让其他协议路由器学习到直连网络的信息。比如下图, R1 并不想 e0/1 向外发送 OSPF 消息(通常接口直接连着 PC),但希望 R2 又能学习到 R1 连接的网络。

Figure 4: 实验拓扑

R1#show running-config | s ospf
 ip ospf 1 area 0
router ospf 1
 router-id 1.1.1.1
 redistribute connected metric 10 subnets
R1#

R2 可以学到直连网络( 包括逻辑接口上的网络 ):

R2#show ip route
Gateway of last resort is not set

      11.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2     11.11.11.11 [110/10] via 192.168.12.1, 00:00:03, Ethernet0/0
O E2  192.168.1.0/24 [110/10] via 192.168.12.1, 01:03:23, Ethernet0/0
      192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L        192.168.12.2/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

6 实验

 

6.1 单点双向重发布 1

Figure 5: 实验拓扑

将 RIPv2 发布进 OSPF
R2(config)#router ospf 1 ! 进入目标协议配置模式
R2(config-router)#redistribute rip ! 最好加上 subnets 参数,否则只会将主类网络发布过来,从下面的显示看,这个参数好像是默认的
R2(config-router)#do sh run | s ospf
 ip ospf 1 area 0
router ospf 1
 router-id 2.2.2.2
 redistribute rip subnets
R3 路由信息
R3#show ip route | begin Gateway
Gateway of last resort is not set

      1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2     1.1.1.1 [110/20] via 192.168.23.2, 00:02:46, Ethernet0/0
      3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C        3.3.3.3 is directly connected, Loopback0
O E2  192.168.12.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.23.2, 00:07:39, Ethernet0/0
      192.168.23.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L        192.168.23.3/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
R1 路由信息
R1#show ip route
Gateway of last resort is not set

      1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C        1.1.1.1 is directly connected, Loopback0
      192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L        192.168.12.1/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
将 OSPF 发布进 RIPv2
R2(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#redistribute ospf 1 metric 3
R1 路由信息(重发布后)
R1#show ip route
Gateway of last resort is not set

      1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C        1.1.1.1 is directly connected, Loopback0
      3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
R        3.3.3.3 [120/3] via 192.168.12.2, 00:00:01, Ethernet0/0 # metric 为 3
      192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L        192.168.12.1/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
R     192.168.23.0/24 [120/3] via 192.168.12.2, 00:00:01, Ethernet0/0
使用静态路由覆盖动态路由
R2(config)#ip route 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 null 0
R2(config)#do show ip route
Gateway of last resort is not set

      1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S        1.1.1.1 is directly connected, Null0
      3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O        3.3.3.3 [110/11] via 192.168.23.3, 00:22:29, Ethernet0/1
      192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L        192.168.12.2/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
      192.168.23.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
L        192.168.23.2/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
R3 路由信息
R3#show ip route
Gateway of last resort is not set

      3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C        3.3.3.3 is directly connected, Loopback0
O E2  192.168.12.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.23.2, 00:26:14, Ethernet0/0 ! 只剩与 RIP 直连网络路由信息了
      192.168.23.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L        192.168.23.3/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

6.2 单点重分发次优路径问题

 

 

Figure 6: 实验拓扑

在 R3 上将 RIP 路由重分发进 OSPF ,由于 OSPF 的 AD 值大于 RIP ,因此 R4 去往 192.168.1.0/24 网段的路由指向 R2 ,这就造成了次优路径。

R4 路由 (重分布前)
R4#show ip route | begin Gateway
Gateway of last resort is not set

R     192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.45.5, 00:00:02, Ethernet0/1
O     192.168.12.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.24.2, 00:07:32, Ethernet0/0
O     192.168.13.0/24 [110/30] via 192.168.24.2, 00:07:32, Ethernet0/0
      192.168.24.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        192.168.24.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L        192.168.24.4/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
R     192.168.35.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.45.5, 00:00:02, Ethernet0/1
      192.168.45.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        192.168.45.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
L        192.168.45.4/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
R4 路由 (重分布后)
R4#show ip route | begin Gateway
Gateway of last resort is not set

O E2  192.168.1.0/24 [110/23] via 192.168.24.2, 00:00:20, Ethernet0/0 # 选择 OSPF 发布的路由(次优路径)
O     192.168.12.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.24.2, 00:11:26, Ethernet0/0
O     192.168.13.0/24 [110/30] via 192.168.24.2, 00:11:26, Ethernet0/0
      192.168.24.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        192.168.24.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L        192.168.24.4/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
O E2  192.168.35.0/24 [110/23] via 192.168.24.2, 00:00:20, Ethernet0/0
      192.168.45.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C        192.168.45.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
L        192.168.45.4/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1

6.3 多点单向重发布存在的问题

在上面的例子中,假设 R4 也配置了重分布(向 OSPF 发布 RIP 路由) ,但是由于 192.168.1.0/24 已属于 O E2 ,因此重分布无效。

6.4 多点双向重发布产生环路的问题 2

从低 AD 值协议区域重分布到高 AD 值协议区域不会产生问题,反过来就会产生问题。

 

 

 

Figure 7: 实验拓扑

初始配置

R2 上将 RIP 重发布进 OSPF

R3 路由信息

R3 上将 OSPF 重发布进 RIP

R2 路由信息

产生环路

 

 

7 路由协议迁移套路

  1. 将现有路由协议 AD 值改小,小于即将安装的新路由协议
  2. 配置新路由协议
  3. 将旧路由协议 AD 改大,让新路由协议生效
  4. 删除旧路由协议

From:http://ruanhao.cc/blog/redistribute.html

posted @ 2022-12-02 08:25  倔犟的石头  阅读(1075)  评论(0)    收藏  举报