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英文复合句之定语从句的学习总结

2015-06-29 22:04  AlfredZhao  阅读(2661)  评论(1)    收藏  举报

**Attributive Clause 定语从句(又称形容词性从句)学习总结 **

定语从句的结构：被修饰的名词/代词 + 关系词 + 从句

“被修饰的名词/代词” = 先行词

1.分析定语从句三步骤
2.定语从句的分类：限定、非限定

3.关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词

4.特殊的定语从句
5.定语从句的省略和主谓一致

6.定语从句需要特别注意的地方

7.定语从句和其他从句的区别

1.分析定语从句三步骤：

> 1.定语从句一定有`先行词`，先确定`先行词`是什么，一定是名词或代词或整个句子。 > > 2.`从句`起始看清楚，前期不熟练时可用括号括起来。 > > 3.把`先行词`带入到`从句`，看其充当什么成分，以此确定`关系词`。 > 如果带入过程中发现需要加入介词才能还原，则先行词充当了状语成分，需要用关系副词where，when，why或介词前置。 > > 注：分析时要把主句和从句分开看，不能相互干扰。

例如：That's all that I have told him.

先行词为all，从句为I have told him，关系词用that连接。

而如果说 That's what I have told him.

这样就没有了先行词，所以就不是定语从句了（此句为名词性从句中的表语从句）。

2.定语从句的分类：限定、非限定

> 限定性定语从句，对先行词进行限定、修饰，去掉定语，意义模糊。 > > 非限定性定语从句，对先行词进行补充、说明。 > > `","`是非限定定语从句的标志。

2.1非限定性定语从句举例：

Tom, who is 18, is my classmate. 
Tom is my classmate, who is 18.

若去掉定语，Tom是我的同学。不影响意思表达。

2.2限定性定语从句举例：

The woman who lives next door is a doctor. 
The girl that/who/whom we saw yesterday is Mary.

若去掉定语，女人是医生。 女孩是Mary。 意思变得模糊。

3.关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词

> 关系代词有：which，who，whom，that，whose，as > > 关系副词有：where，when，why > > `特别注意：what不能引导定语从句。`

3.1关系代词引导的定语从句

> 关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语(whose, which)。 > > 表示人用who, whom, that, whose; > > 表示物用which, that, whose. > > 注：that, whose即可以表人，也可以表物；which可以指代前面整个句子；介词后宾语表人用whom,表物用which,表所有格用whose.

例句：

表人：

The girl who/that is standing at the gate is an English teacher.

The girl whom/who/that Peter is talking to is a teacher.
=>The gril to whom Peter is talking is a teacher.

注：介词前置后，表人时将只能用whom，不能用who或that.

The girl whose mother is a nurse is a teacher.

表物：

The book whose cover is missing is very funny.
=>The book, the cover of which is missing, is very funny.

The room whose door faces south is very bright.
=>The room, the door of which faces south, is very bright.

The book that/which belongs to me is missing.

I don't like the novel that/which you are reading.

which的特殊用法

He was late for school again, which made the teacher very angry.(which指代前面整个句子，做从句的主语)

He advised me to hide behind the door, which advise I took at once.（which做定语）

She had a little money in the bank, with which to help her mother.(which与不定式连用，构成定语短语)

He told me the tickets are hard to buy, in which case you'd better buy right now.
=>He told me the tickets are hard to buy, and you'd better buy right now in that case.

The books, some of which he has read, are very interesting.
=>The books are very interesting and he has read some of the books.(表整体与部分关系)

介词+关系代词的倒装

I arrived at a building in front of which grow many trees.
=>I arrived at a building, and many trees grow in front of it.

They went into the classroom in the center of which stands a large table.
=>They went into the classroom, and a large table stands in the center of it.

关系代词as（as...as..., such as, the same as/that）

可放于句首和句中，可作从句主语、宾语和状语。
常用于be known, expected, reported, announced, shown ...

例句：

As we all know, China is a big country.（as作宾语）

China is in the east of Asia, as is known to all. (as作主语)

Our team, as we had expected, won the game.

I want borrow the same book as you read.(借一本一样的)

I want borrow the same book that you read.（只有一本）

宜用某种关系代词的情况

1. 指物时，宜用that的情况（6点）

①当先行词是不定代词是，比如all, few, little, much, every, something, anything, everything, nothing, none, no, one, any, some等，关系代词只能用that。

Is there anything that I can do for you?
All the people that are present burst into tears.

②当先行词是有序数词，形容词最高级或the last, the only修饰时。

This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
The Yangtze river is the second longest river that exists in the world.

③当先行词有very, right, only, same修饰时，表示“仅仅”，“就是”，“正是”等。

This is the right/very book that I am looking for.
This pen is the only tool that you can use here.

④当先行词既指人又指物的时候。

They are talking about the persons and things that they met in Shanghai.

⑤避免重复。who和which开头的，关系词避免重复用that。

Who is the lady that is speaking French there?
Which is the pencil that you used just now?

⑥在there be的句型中或当先行词或者关系代词做从句表语时，常用that。

There are two novels that I want to read.
Tom is not the person that he used to be.

2. 指物时，宜用which的情况（6点）

①介词前置指物必须用which。
②在非限定性定语从句中指物，必须用which。

My borrowed pen, which is John's, is missing.

③在非限定性定语从句中修饰整个句子。

He failed in the test, which made her teacher very unhappy.

④当关系代词后面带有插入语时。

Here is the English Grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.

⑤避免重复。当先行词为that，或者一个句子中两个定语从句，其中一个用了that，另一个宜用which。

I bought some magazines that might help me to kill time and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.

⑥当指人的身份特征时。

He is cheerful, which is his finest trait.

3. 指人时，宜用who的情况（4点）

①非限定性定语从句中指人只能用who。

②避免重复。如先行词为that/those时。

③当先行词是one, ones, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody时，关系代词应为who或whom。

④There be结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用who。

There's a gentleman who wants to see you.

3.2关系副词引导的定语从句

> 表时间、地点、原因的先行词在从句中作状语时，关系词使用关系副词。 > > When 表时间 = 介词 + which > Where 表地点 = 介词 + which > Why 表原因 = for which

例如：

I still remember the day `when/on which` I joined the league.

This is the room `in which/where` I stayed for the night.

This is the reason `for which/why` he was late.

4.特殊的定语从句

> 4.1 It/This is + the + 序数词 + 时间 + （that） + 定语从句（从句用完成时） 
It is the first time that I have been here.

4.2 It is (high) time + that + 定语从句

It is time that we should go home.

It is time that we went home.

4.3 the way + 定语从句，the way做从句状语时，通常省略关系词或用that/in which

The way (that/in which) he is doing the experiment is very funny.

4.4 time, moment, second, minute等后，通常用that来代替when引导定语从句，并且常省略

The moment he arrives, I will ring you up.(that/when常省略)

By the time John came, Peter had finished his work.(that/when常省略)

4.5 But作为关系代词，相当于that(who)...not

There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不佩服他的才华。

5.定语从句的省略和主谓一致

5.1 定语从句的省略：

定语从句除了上述特殊定语从句中的4.3，4.4点两种情况的省略外，主要是当关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语可省，注意，只有做宾语时才能省略，注意，只有做宾语时才能省。（介词前置时不可省） 
The novel (which/that) he wrote is interesting.
The man (who/whom) Tom is talking with is a teacher in our school.

5.2 定语从句的主谓一致：

### 1.当关系代词做定语从句的主语时，定语从句的谓语动词在人称和数上要和先行词一致。 ### I know the student who is your classmate. The students who are my classmates are going to help the old man. ### 2.“one of + 可数名词复数”引导的定语从句中，谓语动词应用复数；而“one of + 可数名词复数”前有the, only或the only修饰，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。 ### He is one of the students who study very hard at school. He is [the/only/the only] one of the students who studies very hard at school.

6.定语从句需要特别注意的地方

6.1 situation, case, point在从句中充当状语时，后常用where

Can you think of a situation where you can use the word?

6.2 标点符号，比较以下一组句子

I picked up the apples. Some of them were bad.
I picked up the apples; some of them were bad.
I picked up the apples and most of them were bad.
I picked up the apples, some of which were bad.

6.3 关系词选择时，要注意从句中的及物动词和不及物动词,

从而判断先行词在从句中所作的成份。特别是看到先行词是时间、地点、原因时，要特别小心。注意下面几组句子： 
I'll never forget the days when/in which we worked together.
I'll never forget the days that/which we spent together.

I went to the place where/at which I worked ten years ago.
I went to the place that/which I visited ten years ago.

This is the reason why/for which he was late.
This is the reason that/which he gave.

6.4 which和whose在从句中作定语时的区别

He told me the tickets are hard to buy, in which case you'd better buy right now.(which做case的定语)
He advised me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once.(which作定语)

The book (whose cover is missing) is very funny.(不可分割的一部分，指物时可用of which来代替)
The room (whose door faces south) is very bright.（物质所属）

6.5 which做定语时和后面的名词一起指代前面的先行词（通常为整个句子），还原从句为独立分句时，往往还原成this/that；

如6.4第一句例句，which case指代前面的句子，从句可以还原为：In that case，you'd better buy right now.
第二句： I took that advice at once.

而whose作定语时只是单独指代前面的先行词，通常可以用of which或of whom来代替，还原时往往变为its/his/...等。
比如第三句：The book is very funny and its cover is missing.

6.6 分裂式定语从句

> 有些定语从句的先行词和关系词之间会插入一些其他成份。 
He arrived in Jinzhou in 1984，where he became a manager 2 years later.

此句中关系词不能用when，因为从句中已经有时间状语，因此先行词不是1984，而是Jinzhou。

带有插入语的定语从句，如I think, do you suggest等。

Please choose someone who you think is kind.

此句中，you think是插入语，关系代词who做从句的主语，is是从句的谓语。

介词from后可以跟where

He has been to the city twice from where his girl friend came.

7.定语从句和其他从句的区别

7.1 定语从句和同位语从句的区别

> 定语从句的先行词或关系代词要在从句中充当一定的句子成分，而同位语从句则不充当任何句子成分。 
The news that our team lost the game disappointed all of us.此句为同位语从句，the news在句子中不充当任何成分。

The news that you told me yesterday is so disappointing.此句为定语从句，the news在从句中充当宾语。

7.2 定语从句和状语从句的区别

> 状语从句没有先行词，引导词用where，它很明显的特点是前面为动词、副词等，有时虽然名词但不是表地点的名词。 
You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again.状从
After the war a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre.状从

This is the room where/in which we lived three years ago.定从

7.3 定语从句和强调句的区别

> 强调句型的结构： It is/was (could be...) + 被强调的成分 + that ... > 强调的成分是主语、宾语和状语。强调句型可用“还原法”来判断，若删除强调句型结构后，句子能还原为一个完整的句子，就是强调句。 
It was at the school gate that I met Tom yesterday.
It was the school gate where I met Tom yesterday.

第一句是强调句，去掉强调句型结构后，句子可以还原成一个完整的句子。I met Tom yesterday at the school gate.而第二句不行，必须要加个介词at。

7.4 as前置和It作形式主语的主语从句混淆

> 这两种形式主要区别在于as结构有标点符号“，”号，而It和that连用，比较下面两个句子： 
As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.
It is known to all that the earth moves around the sun.