面向对象的程序设计

1. 理解对象

var person = new Object();
person.name = "Nicholas";
person.age = 29;
person.job = "Software Engineer";
person.sayName = function(){
    alert(this.name);
};

var person = {
    name: "Nicholas",
    age: 29,
    job: "Software Engineer",
    sayName: function(){
        alert(this.name);
    }
};

1.1 属性类型

1.1.1 数据属性

var person = {};
    Object.defineProperty(person, "name", {
    writable: false,
    value: "Nicholas"
});
alert(person.name); //"Nicholas"
person.name = "Greg";
alert(person.name); //"Nicholas"

var person = {};
    Object.defineProperty(person, "name", {
    configurable: false,
    value: "Nicholas"
});
alert(person.name); //"Nicholas"
delete person.name;
alert(person.name); //"Nicholas"

var person = {};
Object.defineProperty(person, "name", {
    configurable: false,
    value: "Nicholas"
});
//抛出错误
Object.defineProperty(person, "name", {
    configurable: true,
    value: "Nicholas"
});

• Configurable
• Enumerable
• Writable
• Value

1.1.2 访问器属性

var book = {
    _year: 2004,
    edition: 1
};
Object.defineProperty(book, "year", {
    get: function(){
        return this._year;
    },
    set: function(newValue){
        if (newValue > 2004) {
            this._year = newValue;
            this.edition += newValue - 2004;
        }
    }
});
book.year = 2005;
alert(book.edition); //2

var book = {
    _year: 2004,
    edition: 1
};
//定义访问器的旧有方法
book.__defineGetter__("year", function(){
    return this._year;
});
book.__defineSetter__("year", function(newValue){
    if (newValue > 2004) {
        this._year = newValue;
        this.edition += newValue - 2004;
    }
});
book.year = 2005;
alert(book.edition); //2

• Configurable
• Enuberable
• Get
• Set

1.2 定义多个属性

1.3 读取属性的特性

2. 创建对象

2.1 工厂模式

function createPerson(name, age, job){
    var o = new Object();
    o.name = name;
    o.age = age;
    o.job = job;
    o.sayName = function(){
        alert(this.name);
    };
    return o;
}
var person1 = createPerson("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = createPerson("Greg", 27, "Doctor");

2.2 构造函数模式

function Person(name, age, job){
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    this.job = job;
    this.sayName = function(){
        alert(this.name);
    };
}
var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");

alert(person1.constructor == Person); //true
alert(person2.constructor == Person); //true

alert(person1 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person1 instanceof Person); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Person); //true

2.2.1 将构造函数当作函数

// 当作构造函数使用
var person = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
person.sayName(); //"Nicholas"

// 作为普通函数调用
Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor"); // 添加到 window
window.sayName(); //"Greg"

// 在另一个对象的作用域中调用
var o = new Object();
Person.call(o, "Kristen", 25, "Nurse");
o.sayName(); //"Kristen"

2.2.2 构造函数的问题

function Person(name, age, job){
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    this.job = job;
    this.sayName = sayName;
}
function sayName(){
    alert(this.name);
}
var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");

2.3 原型模式

function Person(){
}

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
    alert(this.name);
};

var person1 = new Person();
person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
var person2 = new Person();
person2.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //true

2.3.1 理解原型对象

alert(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person1)); //true
alert(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person2)); //true

alert(Object.getPrototypeOf(person1) == Person.prototype); //true
alert(Object.getPrototypeOf(person1).name); //"Nicholas"

//实例中的属性会屏蔽原型中同名属性
function Person(){
}
Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
    alert(this.name);
};
var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();
person1.name = "Greg";
alert(person1.name); //"Greg"—— 来自实例
alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas"—— 来自原型

//通过 delete 可以删除实例属性，让我们重新能够访问原型中的属性
function Person(){
}
Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
    alert(this.name);
};
var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();
person1.name = "Greg";
alert(person1.name); //"Greg"—— 来自实例
alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas"—— 来自原型
delete person1.name;
alert(person1.name); //"Nicholas"—— 来自原型

//使用 hasOwnProperty()方法可以检测一个属性是存在于实例中，还是存在于原型中。
function Person(){
}
Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
    alert(this.name);
};
var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();
alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
person1.name = "Greg";
alert(person1.name); //"Greg"—— 来自实例
alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //true
alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas"—— 来自原型
alert(person2.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
delete person1.name;
alert(person1.name); //"Nicholas"—— 来自原型
alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false

2.3.2 原型与 in 操作符

function Person(){
}
Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
    alert(this.name);
};
var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();
alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
alert("name" in person1); //true
person1.name = "Greg";
alert(person1.name); //"Greg" —— 来自实例
alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //true
alert("name" in person1); //true
alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas" —— 来自原型
alert(person2.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
alert("name" in person2); //true
delete person1.name;
alert(person1.name); //"Nicholas" —— 来自原型
alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
alert("name" in person1); //true

function Person(){
}
Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
    alert(this.name);
};
var person = new Person();
alert(hasPrototypeProperty(person, "name")); //true
person.name = "Greg";
alert(hasPrototypeProperty(person, "name")); //false

function Person(){
}
Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
    alert(this.name);
};
var keys = Object.keys(Person.prototype);
alert(keys); //"name,age,job,sayName"
var p1 = new Person();
p1.name = "Rob";
p1.age = 31;
var p1keys = Object.keys(p1);
alert(p1keys); //"name,age"

var keys = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Person.prototype);
alert(keys); //"constructor,name,age,job,sayName"

2.3.3 更简单的原型语法

function Person(){
}
Person.prototype = {
    name : "Nicholas",
    age : 29,
    job: "Software Engineer",
    sayName : function () {
        alert(this.name);
    }
};

var friend = new Person();
alert(friend instanceof Object); //true
alert(friend instanceof Person); //true
alert(friend.constructor == Person); //false
alert(friend.constructor == Object); //true

function Person(){
}
Person.prototype = {
    constructor : Person,
    name : "Nicholas",
    age : 29,
    job: "Software Engineer",
    sayName : function () {
        alert(this.name);
    }
};

function Person(){
}
Person.prototype = {
    name : "Nicholas",
    age : 29,
    job : "Software Engineer",
    sayName : function () {
        alert(this.name);
    }
};
//重设构造函数，只适用于 ECMAScript 5 兼容的浏览器
Object.defineProperty(Person.prototype, "constructor", {
    enumerable: false,
    value: Person
});

2.3.4 原型的动态性

function Person(){
}
var friend = new Person();
    Person.prototype = {
    constructor: Person,
    name : "Nicholas",
    age : 29,
    job : "Software Engineer",
    sayName : function () {
        alert(this.name);
    }
};
friend.sayName(); //error

2.3.5 原生对象的原型

//为原生对象原型增加方法
String.prototype.startsWith = function (text) {
    return this.indexOf(text) == 0;
};
var msg = "Hello world!";
alert(msg.startsWith("Hello")); //true

2.3.6 原型对象的问题

function Person(){
}
Person.prototype = {
    constructor: Person,
    name : "Nicholas",
    age : 29,
    job : "Software Engineer",
    friends : ["Shelby", "Court"],
    sayName : function () {
        alert(this.name);
    }
};
var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();
person1.friends.push("Van");
alert(person1.friends); //"Shelby,Court,Van"
alert(person2.friends); //"Shelby,Court,Van"
alert(person1.friends === person2.friends); //true

2.4 组合使用构造函数模式和原型模式

function Person(name, age, job){
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    this.job = job;
    this.friends = ["Shelby", "Court"];
}
Person.prototype = {
    constructor : Person,
    sayName : function(){
        alert(this.name);
    }
}
var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");
person1.friends.push("Van");
alert(person1.friends); //"Shelby,Count,Van"
alert(person2.friends); //"Shelby,Count"
alert(person1.friends === person2.friends); //false
alert(person1.sayName === person2.sayName); //true

2.5 动态原型模式

function Person(name, age, job){
    //属性
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    this.job = job;
    //方法
    if (typeof this.sayName != "function"){
        Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
            alert(this.name);
        };
    }
}
var friend = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
friend.sayName();

2.6 寄生构造函数模式

function Person(name, age, job){
    var o = new Object();
    o.name = name;
    o.age = age;
    o.job = job;
    o.sayName = function(){
        alert(this.name);
    };
    return o;
}
var friend = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
friend.sayName(); //"Nicholas"

function SpecialArray(){
    //创建数组
    var values = new Array();
    //添加值
    values.push.apply(values, arguments);
    //添加方法
    values.toPipedString = function(){
        return this.join("|");
    };
    //返回数组
    return values;
}
var colors = new SpecialArray("red", "blue", "green");
alert(colors.toPipedString()); //"red|blue|green"

2.7 稳妥构造函数模式

function Person(name, age, job){
    //创建要返回的对象
    var o = new Object();
    //可以在这里定义私有变量和函数
    //添加方法
    o.sayName = function(){
        alert(name);
    };
    //返回对象
    return o;
}

3. 继承

3.1 原型链

function SuperType(){
    this.property = true;
}
SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
    return this.property;
};
function SubType(){
    this.subproperty = false;
}
//继承了 SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){
    return this.subproperty;
};
var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //true

3.1.1 别忘记默认的原型

3.1.2 确定原型和实例的关系

alert(instance instanceof Object); //true
alert(instance instanceof SuperType); //true
alert(instance instanceof SubType); //true

alert(Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true
alert(SuperType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true
alert(SubType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true

3.1.3 谨慎地定义方法

function SuperType(){
    this.property = true;
}
SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
    return this.property;
};
function SubType(){
    this.subproperty = false;
}
//继承了 SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
//添加新方法
SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){
    return this.subproperty;
};
//重写超类型中的方法
SubType.prototype.getSuperValue = function (){
    return false;
};
var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //false

function SuperType(){
    this.property = true;
}
SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
    return this.property;
};
function SubType(){
    this.subproperty = false;
}
//继承了 SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
//使用字面量添加新方法，会导致上一行代码无效
SubType.prototype = {
    getSubValue : function (){
        return this.subproperty;
    },
    someOtherMethod : function (){
        return false;
    }
};
var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //error!

• 还有一点需要提醒读者，即在通过原型链实现继承时，不能使用对象字面量创建原型方法，
  因为这样做就会重写原型链。

3.1.4 原型链的问题

function SuperType(){
    this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}
function SubType(){
}
//继承了 SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
var instance1 = new SubType();
instance1.colors.push("black");
alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"
var instance2 = new SubType();
alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"

3.2 借用构造函数

function SuperType(){
    this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}
function SubType(){
    //继承了 SuperType
    SuperType.call(this);
}
var instance1 = new SubType();
instance1.colors.push("black");
alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"
var instance2 = new SubType();
alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green"

3.2.1 传递参数

function SuperType(name){
    this.name = name;
}
function SubType(){
    //继承了 SuperType，同时还传递了参数
    SuperType.call(this, "Nicholas");
    //实例属性
    this.age = 29;
}
var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.name); //"Nicholas";
alert(instance.age); //29

3.2.2 借用构造函数的问题

3.3 组合继承

function SuperType(name){
    this.name = name;
    this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}
SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){
    alert(this.name);
};
function SubType(name, age){
    //继承属性
    SuperType.call(this, name);
    this.age = age;
}
//继承方法
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
SubType.prototype.constructor = SubType;
SubType.prototype.sayAge = function(){
    alert(this.age);
};
var instance1 = new SubType("Nicholas", 29);
instance1.colors.push("black");
alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"
instance1.sayName(); //"Nicholas";
instance1.sayAge(); //29
var instance2 = new SubType("Greg", 27);
alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green"
instance2.sayName(); //"Greg";
instance2.sayAge(); //27

3.4 原型式继承

var person = {
    name: "Nicholas",
    friends: ["Shelby", "Court", "Van"]
};
var anotherPerson = object(person);
anotherPerson.name = "Greg";
anotherPerson.friends.push("Rob");
var yetAnotherPerson = object(person);
yetAnotherPerson.name = "Linda";
yetAnotherPerson.friends.push("Barbie");
alert(person.friends); //"Shelby,Court,Van,Rob,Barbie"

var person = {
    name: "Nicholas",
    friends: ["Shelby", "Court", "Van"]
};
var anotherPerson = Object.create(person);
anotherPerson.name = "Greg";
anotherPerson.friends.push("Rob");
var yetAnotherPerson = Object.create(person);
yetAnotherPerson.name = "Linda";
yetAnotherPerson.friends.push("Barbie");
alert(person.friends); //"Shelby,Court,Van,Rob,Barbie"

3.5 寄生式继承

function createAnother(original){
    var clone = object(original); //通过调用函数创建一个新对象
    clone.sayHi = function(){ //以某种方式来增强这个对象
        alert("hi");
    };
    return clone; //返回这个对象
}

3.6 寄生组合式继承

function inheritPrototype(subType, superType){
    var prototype = object(superType.prototype); //创建对象
    prototype.constructor = subType; //增强对象
    subType.prototype = prototype; //指定对象
}

• 开发人员普遍认为寄生组合式继承是引用类型最理想的继承范式。