Python __init__、super方法

转至:https://blog.csdn.net/brucewong0516/article/details/79121179

1、继承

  • 在Python中,同时支持单继承与多继承,一般语法如下:
class SubClassName(ParentClass1 [, ParentClass2, ...]):
    class_suite

  实现继承之后,子类将继承父类的属性,也可以使用内建函数insubclass()来判断一个类是不是另一个类的子孙类:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Sun Jan 21 22:33:09 2018

@author: BruceWong
"""

class Parent(object):
    '''
    parent class
    '''
    numList = []
    def numdiff(self, a, b):
        return a-b

class Child(Parent):
    pass


c = Child()    
# subclass will inherit attributes from parent class 
#子类继承父类的属性   
Child.numList.extend(range(10))
print(Child.numList)

print("77 - 2 =", c.numdiff(77, 2))

# built-in function issubclass() 
print(issubclass(Child, Parent))
print(issubclass(Child, object))

# __bases__ can show all the parent classes
#bases属性查看父类
print('the bases are:',Child.__bases__)

# doc string will not be inherited
#doc属性不会被继承
print(Parent.__doc__)
print(Child.__doc__)

  

代码的输出为:

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
77 - 2 = 75
True
True
the bases are: (<class '__main__.Parent'>,)

    parent class

None

  例子中唯一特别的地方是文档字符串。文档字符串对于类,函数/方法,以及模块来说是唯一的,也就是说doc属性是不能从父类中继承来的。

 

2、继承中的_ _init_ _
当在Python中出现继承的情况时,一定要注意初始化函数_init_的行为:

  • 如果子类没有定义自己的初始化函数,父类的初始化函数会被默认调用;但是如果要实例化子类的对象,则只能传入父类的初始化函数对应的参数,否则会出错。
  • 如果子类定义了自己的初始化函数,而在子类中没有显示调用父类的初始化函数,则父类的属性不会被初始化
  • 如果子类定义了自己的初始化函数,在子类中显示调用父类,子类和父类的属性都会被初始化

2.1、子类没有定义自己的初始化函数,父类的初始化函数会被默认调用:

#定义父类:Parent
class Parent(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        print("create an instance of:", self.__class__.__name__)
        print("name attribute is:", self.name)
#定义子类Child ,继承父类Parent       
class Child(Parent):
    pass
#子类实例化时,由于子类没有初始化,此时父类的初始化函数就会默认被调用
#且必须传入父类的参数name
c = Child("init Child") 

  

子类实例化时,由于子类没有初始化,此时父类的初始化函数就会默认被调用,此时传入父类的参数name,输出结果为:

create an instance of: Child
name attribute is: init Child

  

如果不传入父类的参数name:

class Parent(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        print("create an instance of:", self.__class__.__name__)
        print("name attribute is:", self.name)

class Child(Parent):
    pass

#c = Child("init Child") 
#print()    
c = Child()

  

没有传入父类name参数的输出结果会报错:

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<ipython-input-11-9a7781a6f192>", line 1, in <module>
    runfile('C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3/类的继承.py', wdir='C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3')

  File "C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyder\utils\site\sitecustomize.py", line 866, in runfile
    execfile(filename, namespace)

  File "C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyder\utils\site\sitecustomize.py", line 102, in execfile
    exec(compile(f.read(), filename, 'exec'), namespace)

  File "C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3/类的继承.py", line 54, in <module>
    c = Child()

TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'name'

  

2.2、子类定义了自己的初始化函数,而在子类中没有显示调用父类的初始化函数,则父类的属性不会被初始化

class Parent(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        print("create an instance of:", self.__class__.__name__)
        print("name attribute is:", self.name)
#子类继承父类        
class Child(Parent):
    #子类中没有显示调用父类的初始化函数
    def __init__(self):
        print("call __init__ from Child class")
#c = Child("init Child") 
#print()  
#将子类实例化  
c = Child()
print(c.name)

  

在子类中没有显示调用父类的初始化函数,则父类的属性不会被初始化,因而此时调用子类中name属性不存在:

AttributeError: ‘Child’ object has no attribute ‘name’

call __init__ from Child class
Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<ipython-input-12-9a7781a6f192>", line 1, in <module>
    runfile('C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3/类的继承.py', wdir='C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3')

  File "C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyder\utils\site\sitecustomize.py", line 866, in runfile
    execfile(filename, namespace)

  File "C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyder\utils\site\sitecustomize.py", line 102, in execfile
    exec(compile(f.read(), filename, 'exec'), namespace)

  File "C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3/类的继承.py", line 56, in <module>
    print(c.name)

AttributeError: 'Child' object has no attribute 'name'

  

2.3、如果子类定义了自己的初始化函数,显示调用父类,子类和父类的属性都会被初始化

class Parent(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        print("create an instance of:", self.__class__.__name__)
        print("name attribute is:", self.name)

class Child(Parent):
    def __init__(self):
        print("call __init__ from Child class")
        super(Child,self).__init__("data from Child")   #要将子类Child和self传递进去
#c = Child("init Child") 
#print() 
d = Parent('tom')   
c = Child()
print(c.name)

  

子类定义了自己的初始化函数,显示调用父类,子类和父类的属性都会被初始化的输出结果:

#实例化父类Parent的结果
create an instance of: Parent
name attribute is: tom

#实例化子类Child的结果
call __init__ from Child class
#super首先会先使得父类初始化的参数进行实例化
create an instance of: Child
name attribute is: data from Child
data from Child

  

3、super的使用详解

  • super主要来调用父类方法来显示调用父类,在子类中,一般会定义与父类相同的属性(数据属性,方法),从而来实现子类特有的行为。也就是说,子类会继承父类的所有的属性和方法,子类也可以覆盖父类同名的属性和方法。
class Parent(object):
    Value = "Hi, Parent value"
    def fun(self):
        print("This is from Parent")
#定义子类,继承父类               
class Child(Parent):
    Value = "Hi, Child  value"
    def ffun(self):
        print("This is from Child")

c = Child()    
c.fun()
c.ffun()
print(Child.Value)

  

输出结果:

This is from Parent
This is from Child
Hi, Child value

  

但是,有时候可能需要在子类中访问父类的一些属性,可以通过父类名直接访问父类的属性,当调用父类的方法是,需要将”self”显示的传递进去的方式:

class Parent(object):
    Value = "Hi, Parent value"
    def fun(self):
        print("This is from Parent")

class Child(Parent):
    Value = "Hi, Child  value"
    def fun(self):
        print("This is from Child")
        Parent.fun(self)   #调用父类Parent的fun函数方法

c = Child()    
c.fun()

  

输出结果:

This is from Child
This is from Parent  #实例化子类Child的fun函数时,首先会打印上条的语句,再次调用父类的fun函数方法

  

这种方式有一个不好的地方就是,需要经父类名硬编码到子类中,为了解决这个问题,可以使用Python中的super关键字:

class Parent(object):
    Value = "Hi, Parent value"
    def fun(self):
        print("This is from Parent")

class Child(Parent):
    Value = "Hi, Child  value"
    def fun(self):
        print("This is from Child")
        #Parent.fun(self)
        super(Child,self).fun()  #相当于用super的方法与上一调用父类的语句置换

c = Child()    
c.fun()

  

输出结果:

This is from Child

  

posted on 2020-10-26 16:40  gentleman_hai  阅读(648)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报

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