contrary

In music theory, contrapuntal [对位法的; 复调音乐的] motion is the general movement of two melodic lines with respect to each other. In traditional four-part harmony, it is important that lines maintain their independence, an effect which can be achieved by the judicious [有见识的; 明智的] use of the four types of contrapuntal motion: parallel motion, similar motion, contrary motion, and oblique motion.

counterpoint

Counterpoint is the relationship between two or more musical lines (or voices) which are harmonically interdependent yet independent in rhythm and melodic contour. It has been most commonly identified in the European classical tradition, strongly developing during the Renaissance and in much of the common practice period, especially in the Baroque. The term originates from the Latin punctus contra punctum meaning "point against point", i.e. "note against note".

The term "baroque" comes from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning "misshapen pearl". 巴洛克音乐的节奏强烈、跳跃，采用多旋律、复音音乐的复调法，比较强调曲子的起伏，速度则从始至终保持不变。

melodic lines

A melody (from Greek μελῳδία, melōidía, "singing, chanting"), also tune, voice or line, is a linear succession of musical tones that the listener perceives as a single entity. In its most literal sense, a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm, while more figuratively, the term can include successions of other musical elements such as tonal color. It may be considered the foreground to the background accompaniment. A line or part need not be a foreground melody.

Timbre [音色; 音质; 音品], also known as tone color or tone quality (from psychoacoustics), is the perceived sound quality of a musical note, sound or tone. Timbre distinguishes different types of sound production, such as choir voices and musical instruments. It also enables listeners to distinguish different instruments in the same category (e.g., an oboe and a clarinet, both woodwind instruments).

Tone quality and tone color are synonyms for timbre, as well as the "texture attributed to a single instrument". The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) Acoustical Terminology definition 12.09 of timbre describes it as "that attribute of auditory sensation which enables a listener to judge that two nonidentical sounds, similarly presented and having the same loudness and pitch, are dissimilar", adding, "Timbre depends primarily upon the frequency spectrum, although it also depends upon the sound pressure and the temporal characteristics of the sound".

• timbre /'tæmbə/ [Origin: Old French, 'drum, bell', from Greek tympanon]
• timber /'timbə/ [Origin: Old English, 'building, wood']

four-part harmony

The term "four-part harmony" refers to music written for four voices, or for some other musical medium—four musical instruments or a single keyboard instrument, for example—for which the various musical parts can give a different note for each chord of the music. The four main voices are typically labelled as soprano (or treble and countertenor), alto (contralto, countertenor or mezzo), tenor, and bass. Because the human voice has a limited range, different voice types are usually not able to sing pitches that lie outside of their specific range.

 左图好像出现了I, V, IV, vi四个符号。

Contrary motion

Contrary motion is motion in opposite directions. That is, when one of the lines moves up, the other line moves down (that is, in inversion). If the voices always move by the same intervals (in opposite directions) they are said to be in strict contrary motion.

The following example shows two voices in contrary motion (左) or parallel motion (右):

 

五线谱上音的位置愈高，音也愈高，反之音的位置愈低，音也愈低，但到底高多少？低多少？却无法确定。

Contrary motion is important to maintain the independence of the melodic movement in contrapuntal writing.

六级/考研单词: melody, harmony, parallel, contrary, rhythm, classic, renaissance, pearl, chant, tune, entity, literal, choir, synonym, texture, attribute, sensation, likewise, loud, spectrum, temporal, timber, medium, chord, bass, invert, interval, strict

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