consensus, consent

consent, v., "agree, give assent [同意; 赞成]; yield [让步; 屈服] when one has the right, power, or will to oppose," from Old French consentir "agree; comply" and directly from Latin consentire "agree, accord," literally "feel together," from com "with, together" + sentire "to feel".

• 共情
• assent, dissent
• sense [from Latin sensus, from sentire 'to feel']
• sensual, sensuality, sensuous, sensor [from Latin sensus; SENSE]
• consensus [from 过去分词 of consentire; CONSENT] n. general agreement among a group of people
• consent n. agreement about sth; permission to do sth

Consent occurs when one person voluntarily agrees to the proposal or desires of another. It is a term of common speech [大众口语], with specific definitions as used in such fields as the law, medicine, research, and sexual relationships. Consent as understood in specific contexts may differ from its everyday meaning. For example, a person with a mental disorder, a low mental age, or under the legal age of sexual consent may willingly engage in a sexual act that still fails to meet the legal threshold for consent as defined by applicable law.

United Nations agencies and initiatives in sex education programs believe that teaching the topic of consent as part of a comprehensive sexuality education is beneficial. Types of consent include implied consent, express [明确的] consent, informed [based on knowledge of a situation] consent and unanimous consent.

• unanimous [from unus 'one' + animus 'mind']

An express consent is one that is clearly and unmistakably stated, rather than implied. It may be given in writing, by speech (orally), or non-verbally, e.g. by a clear gesture such as a nod. Non-written express consent not evidenced by witnesses or an audio or video recording may be disputed if a party denies that it was given.

Implied consent is consent inferred from a person's actions and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in some cases, by a person's silence or inaction). Some examples include unambiguously soliciting or initiating sexual activity or the implied consent to physical contact by participants in a hockey game or being assaulted in a boxing match.

Informed consent in medicine is consent given by a person who has a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts, implications, and future consequences of an action. The term is also used in other contexts, such as in social scientific research, when participants are asked to affirm that they understand the research procedure and consent to it, or in sex, where informed consent means each person engaging in sexual activity is aware of any positive statuses (for sexually transmitted infections and/or diseases) they might expose themselves to.

Unanimous consent, or general consent, by a group of several parties (e.g., an association) is consent given by all parties.

Substituted consent, or the substituted judgment doctrine, allows a decision maker to attempt to establish the decision an incompetent person would have made if he or she were competent.

The concept of end-user given consent plays an important role in digital regulations such as the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The GDPR (Article 6) defines a set of different legal bases for lawful processing of personal data. End-users' consent is only one of these possible bases. However, as a result of the GDPR enforcement (in 2018) and other legal obligations, data controllers (online service providers) have widely developed consent-obtaining mechanisms in recent years. According to the GDPR, end-users' consent should be valid, freely given, specific, informed and active. But the lack of enforceability regarding obtaining lawful consents has been a challenge in the digital world. As an example, a 2020 study, showed that the Big Tech, i.e. Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, and Microsoft (GAFAM), use dark patterns in their consent obtaining mechanisms, which raises doubts regarding the lawfulness of the obtained consent.

A dark pattern is "a user interface that has been carefully crafted to trick users into doing things, such as buying overpriced insurance with their purchase or signing up for recurring bills". User experience designer Harry Brignull coined the neologism on 28 July 2010 with the registration of darkpatterns.org, a "pattern library with the specific goal of naming and shaming deceptive user interfaces". More broadly, dark patterns supplant "user value...in favor of shareholder value".

• neologism [from Greek neo- + -logos 'word']
• logo: "simple symbol or graphic meant to represent something," 1937, probably a shortening of logogram "sign or character representing a word."

Consent can be either expressed or implied. For example, participation in a contact sport usually implies consent to a degree of contact with other participants, implicitly agreed and often defined by the rules of the sport. Another specific example is where a boxer cannot complain of being punched on the nose by an opponent; implied consent will be valid where the violence is ordinarily and reasonably to be contemplated as incidental to the sport in question. Express consent exists when there is oral or written agreement, particularly in a contract. For example, businesses may require that persons sign a waiver (called a liability waiver) acknowledging and accepting the hazards of an activity. This proves express consent, and prevents the person from filing a tort [侵权行为] lawsuit for unauthorised actions.

• file: give a document to a court or other organization so that it can be officially recorded and dealt with
• waive: state officially that a right, rule etc can be ignored

In political philosophy, the phrase consent of the governed refers to the idea that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is only justified and lawful when consented to by the people or society over which that political power is exercised. This theory of consent is historically contrasted to the divine right of kings and had often been invoked against the legitimacy of colonialism. Article 21 of the United Nations' 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government".

六级/考研单词: consent, yield, comply, accord, literal, dissent, consensus, volunteer, desire, medicare, differ, illicit, engage, threshold, unite, educate, comprehensive, implicit, notify, unanimous, oral, gesture, audio, infer, situate, solicit, initiate, physics, hockey, boxing, affirm, transmit, infect, exposition, substitute, doctrine, competent, digit, regulate, data, enforce, offline, valid, recur, shame, logo, probable, prolong, seldom, punch, contemplate, waive, liable, hazard, sue, legitimate, divine