condemn /kənˈdem/

condemn [Origin: condemner, from Latin condemnare, from com- + damnare (DAMN)]

Classical Latin damnum means "damage, cost, expense; penalty, fine", ultimately from a root *dap-. The verb damnare in Roman law acquired a legal meaning of "to pronounce judgement upon".

The word entered Middle English usage from Old French in the early 14th century. The secular [世俗的] meaning survives in English "to condemn" (in a court of law), or "damning criticism". The noun damnation itself is mostly reserved for the religious sense in Modern English, while condemnation remains common in secular usage.

During the 18th century and until about 1930, the use of damn as an expletive [叹词; 咒骂] was considered a severe profanity [不敬神] and was mostly avoided in print. The expression "not worth a damn" was recorded in 1802. The use of damn as an adjective, short for damned, was recorded in 1775.

Damn Yankee (a Southern US term for "Northerner") dates back to 1812. The Civil War (1861-1865) was America's bloodiest and most divisive conflict, pitting the Union Army against the Confederate States of America. The war resulted in the deaths of more than 620,000 people, with millions more injured and the South left in ruins.

Damnation is the antithesis [正相反; 对立] of salvation.

• antithesis [Origin: Greek, 'opposition', from antitithenai 'to be against', from anti- + tithenai 'to put']
• thesis [Origin: Greek, 'act of laying down', from tithenai 'to put, lay down']

Damnation is the concept of divine punishment and torment in an afterlife for actions that were committed on Earth. In Ancient Egyptian religious tradition, citizens would recite the 42 negative confessions of Maat as their heart was weighed against the feather of truth. If the citizen's heart was heavier than a feather they would be devoured by Ammit. Zoroastrianism [琐罗亚斯德教] developed an eschatological concept of a Last Judgment called Frashokereti where the dead will be raised and the righteous wade through a river of milk while the wicked will be burned in a river of molten metal. Abrahamic [亚伯拉罕宗教] religions such as Christianity have similar concepts of believers facing judgement on a last day to determine if they will spend eternity in Gehenna or heaven for their sin [Mark 3:29 马可福音3章29节]. A damned human "in damnation" is said to be either in Hell, or living in a state wherein they are divorced from Heaven and/or in a state of disgrace from God's favor.

Following the religious meaning, the words damn and goddamn are a common form of religious profanity, in modern times often semantically weakened to the status of mere interjections.

Zoroastrianism is an ancient religion from Persia (modern Iran). Islam, Christianity and Judaism are the three main Abrahamic religions because Abraham – or Ibrahim – is important to them all. Adherents consider him an important prophet or father figure.

六级/考研单词: condemn, damn, classic, expense, verb, illicit, pronounce, usage, secular, noun, adjective, pit, million, injure, ruin, salvation, thesis, divine, punish, commit, recite, confess, weigh, devour, wicked, sinister, divorce, seldom, mere

eschatology, from Latinized form of Greek eskhatos "last, furthest, uttermost, extreme, most remote" in time, space, degree (from *eghs-ko-, suffixed form of *eghs "out") + -ology. In theology, the study of the four last things (death, judgment, heaven, hell).