The common cold, also known simply as a cold, is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the respiratory mucosa [a membrane rich in mucous glands] of the nose, throat, sinuses [sinus: 窦], and larynx [喉]. Signs and symptoms may appear less than two days after exposure to the virus. These may include coughing, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, headache, and fever. People usually recover in seven to ten days, but some symptoms may last up to three weeks. Occasionally, those with other health problems may develop pneumonia.
Well [to a considerable extent or degree] over 200 virus strains [品种; 类型] are implicated in causing the common cold, with rhinoviruses [鼻病毒] being the most common. They spread through the air during close contact with infected people or indirectly through contact with objects in the environment, followed by transfer to the mouth or nose. Risk factors include going to child care facilities, not sleeping well, and psychological stress. The symptoms are mostly due to the body's immune response to the infection rather than to tissue destruction by the viruses themselves. The symptoms of influenza are similar to those of a cold, although usually more severe and less likely to include a runny nose.
Rhino- is a combining form used like a prefix meaning "nose." rhinoceros [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek, from rhis 'nose' + keras 'horn']
There is no vaccine for the common cold. The primary methods of prevention are handwashing; not touching the eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands; and staying away from sick people. Some evidence supports the use of face masks. There is also no cure, but the symptoms can be treated. Zinc may reduce the duration and severity of symptoms if started shortly after the onset of symptoms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen may help with pain. 布洛芬等非甾zāi体抗炎药可能有助于缓解疼痛。类固醇又称类甾体或甾族化合物。Antibiotics, however, should not be used, as all colds are caused by viruses, and there is no good evidence that cough medicines are effective.
The common cold is the most frequent infectious disease in humans. Under normal circumstances, the average adult gets two to three colds a year, while the average child may get six to eight. Infections occur more commonly during the winter. These infections have existed throughout human history.
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. Symptoms can be mild to severe. The most common symptoms include: a high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, and feeling tired. These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks. In children, there may be nausea and vomiting, but these are not common in adults. Nausea and vomiting occur more commonly in the unrelated infection gastroenteritis [胃肠炎], which is sometimes inaccurately referred to as "stomach flu" or "24-hour flu". Complications [并发症] of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure.
gastero-: stomach; enteritis: acute inflammation of the bowels.
Three types of influenza viruses affect people, called Type A, Type B, and Type C. Usually, the virus is spread through the air from coughs or sneezes. This is believed to occur mostly over relatively short distances. It can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated by the virus and then touching the mouth or eyes. A person may be infectious to others both before and during the time they are showing symptoms. The infection may be confirmed by testing the throat, sputum, or nose for the virus. A number of rapid tests are available; however, people may still have the infection if the results are negative. A type of polymerase chain reaction that detects the virus's RNA is more accurate.
Sputum is matter expectorated from the respiratory system and especially the lungs that is composed of mucus but may contain pus, blood, fibrin, or microorganisms (such as bacteria) in diseased states. 痰是从呼吸系统，尤其是肺部排出的物质，由粘液组成，但可能含有脓、血液、纤维蛋白或患病状态下的微生物（如细菌）。Phlegm is viscid (thick and sticky, =viscous) mucus secreted in abnormal quantity in the respiratory passages.
Influenza spreads around the world in a yearly outbreak, resulting in about three to five million cases of severe illness and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths. In the Northern and Southern parts of the world, outbreaks occur mainly in winter while in areas around the equator outbreaks may occur at any time of the year. Death occurs mostly in the young, the old and those with other health problems. Larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent. The World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of influenza A/H1N1 to be a pandemic in June 2009. Influenza may also affect other animals, including pigs, horses and birds.
- endemic: (disease) that is regularly found in a particular country or area, or among a particular group of people 某国家﹑地区或某部分人中常见的(疾病) 'living in a particular place'
- epidemic: (disease) spreading quickly among many people in the same place for a time 流行性的; 流行病: an influenza epidemic 流行性感冒 'visiting'
- pandemic: disease occurring over a whole country or the whole world 全国或全世界流行的(疾病)
- the -demic suffix comes from demos, which means 'the people', 'the community'
- pan- is added to the beginning of adjectives and nouns to form other adjectives and nouns that describe something as being connected with all places or people of a particular kind.
The influenza A virus can be subdivided into different serotypes [血清] based on the antibody response to these viruses. The serotypes that have been confirmed in humans, ordered by the number of known human pandemic deaths, are:
- H1N1, which caused Spanish Flu in 1918, and Swine Flu in 2009
- H2N2
- H3N2
- H5N1, which caused Bird Flu in 2004
- H7N7
- H1N2, endemic in humans, pigs and birds
- H9N2
- H7N2
- H7N3
- H10N7
- H7N9
The Influenzavirus B genus has one species, influenza B virus. Influenza B almost exclusively infects humans and is less common than influenza A. The Influenzavirus genus has one species, influenza C virus, which infects humans, dogs and pigs, sometimes causing both severe illness and local epidemics. However, influenza C is less common than the other types and usually only causes mild disease in children.
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