chip

chip的原意是：'small piece of wood'. "be a chip off the old block" = "be very similar to your mother or father in appearance or character".

To have a chip on one's shoulder means to harbour a grievance or to have an inferiority complex [情结] and dates from the mid-19th century. There are two theories about its origin. The first is that it derives from the Royal Naval dockyards during the early 18th century when it was common practice for dockyard workers to take home off-cuts of timber, which were called chips. The story goes that the practice was abused, forcing the authorities to first curtail and then ban the practice. Dockyard workers then went on strike and there were reports of many of them still walking out of the shipyards with 'chips on their shoulders' in defiance of the ban. This is a lovely story combining chips on shoulders with an underlying grievance. The only concern is that there is no written record of such an expression for the next 100 years or so. The expression actually first surfaced in America during the early 19th century, when the placing of a wood chip on a shoulder represented a challenge to an adversary to knock it off, thereby initiating a bout [拳击或摔跤比赛] of fisticuffs [a fight in which you use your bare hands to hit sb]. The expression then only became figurative for a grievance, in the sense we know it today, from the mid-19th century onwards. The latter etymological theory is supported by the OED [Oxford English Dictionary] and, until the mystery of the 100-year gap is resolved, the naval dockyard story remains highly dubious. Etymology is the study of the origins, history, and changing meanings of words.

然后有了筹码[casino token]的意思: a small flat coloured piece of plastic used in games such as poker or blackjack to represent a particular amount of money."

"When the chips are down" comes from poker: when all the bets have been made (the betting chips put forward), and all the cards dealt, it's the critical, final moment when the cards are turned over and the winner revealed. e.g. When the chips are down [in a serious or difficult situation], you've only got yourself to depend on.

potato chips:

• very thin slices of potato that have been fried until they are hard, dry, and crisp. (美语; 英语 crisps)
• long, thin pieces of potato fried in oil or fat and eaten hot, usually with a meal. (英语; 美语 French fries)

Tortilla chips are thick crisps made from corn which are often served with dips such as salsa. [一种一般蘸酱吃的墨西哥食物，不如肉夹馍和饼夹菜] Salsa is a sauce made from onions, tomatoes and chillies that you put on Spanish or Mexican food. 龙舌兰酒是Tequila.

Chocolate chips were created with the invention of chocolate chip cookies in 1937 when Ruth Graves Wakefield of the Toll House Inn in the town of Whitman, Massachusetts added cut-up chunks of a semi-sweet Nestlé /ˈnesəl/ chocolate bar to a cookie recipe.[

An integrated circuit or monolithic [very large] integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material that is normally silicon. The integration of large numbers of tiny MOS transistors into a small chip results in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete electronic components. The IC's mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to integrated circuit design has ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in virtually [almost] all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size and low cost of ICs.

 

monolithic这个词比较文艺，以前叫：

• SSI - Small Scale Integration
• MSI - Meidum Scale Integration
• LSI - Large Scale Integration
• VLSI - Very Large Scale Integration
• VVLSI - 歪雷歪雷 Large Scale Integration

没有ULSI(Ultra Large Scale Integration)，也没有3XL, 5XL等。

六级/考研单词: harbor, grief, inferior, derive, dock, timber, abuse, curtail, shipyard, defy, gorgeous, underlie, adverse, thereby, initiate, bout, bare, onward, latter, resolve, dubious, slice, fry, crisp, seldom, dip, sauce, onion, grave, toll, inn, chunk, recipe, integrate, electron, norm, silicon, transistor, magnitude, expense, construct, component, rapid, equip, compute, mobile, digit, appliance