chart

information that is clearly arranged in the form of a simple picture, set of figures [数字; 图解; 图表...], graph etc, or a piece of paper with this information on it
=diagram

The word entered the English language from the Old French charte, via Latin charta, and ultimately from Greek χάρτης (khartes, meaning "layer of papyrus [纸莎suō草]"). It has come to be synonymous with a document that sets out a grant of rights or privileges. 莎读shā时多用于人名、地名。

A chart is a graphical representation for data visualization, in which "the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart". A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions [函数] or some kinds of quality structure and provides different info.

The term "chart" as a graphical representation of data has multiple meanings:

• A data chart is a type of diagram or graph, that organizes and represents a set of numerical or qualitative data.
• Maps that are adorned with extra information (map surround) for a specific purpose are often known as charts, such as a nautical chart or aeronautical chart, typically spread over several map sheets.
• Other domain specific constructs are sometimes called charts, such as the chord chart in music notation or a record chart for album popularity.

Aeronautics is the science of designing and flying planes. [from French aéronaute 'flyer', from aéro- 'aero-' + Greek nautes 'sailor']

Charts are often used to ease understanding of large quantities of data and the relationships between parts of the data. Charts can usually be read more quickly than the raw data. They are used in a wide variety of fields, and can be created by hand (often on graph paper) or by computer using a charting application. Certain types of charts are more useful for presenting a given data set than others. For example, data that presents percentages in different groups (such as "satisfied, not satisfied, unsure") are often displayed in a pie chart, but may be more easily understood when presented in a horizontal bar chart. On the other hand, data that represents numbers that change over a period of time (such as "annual revenue from 1990 to 2000") might be best shown as a line chart.

Typically the data in a chart is represented graphically, since humans are generally able to infer meaning from pictures more quickly than from text. Text is generally used only to annotate the data.

One of the most important uses of text in a graph is the title. A graph's title usually appears above the main graphic and provides a succinct description of what the data in the graph refers to.

Dimensions in the data are often displayed on axes. If a horizontal and a vertical axis are used, they are usually referred to as the x-axis and y-axis respectively. Each axis will have a scale, denoted by periodic graduations and usually accompanied by numerical or categorical indications. Each axis will typically also have a label displayed outside or beside it, briefly describing the dimension represented. If the scale is numerical, the label will often be suffixed with the unit of that scale in parentheses. For example, "Distance traveled (m)" is a typical x-axis label and would mean that the distance traveled, in units of meters, is related to the horizontal position of the data within the chart.

Within the graph a grid of lines may appear to aid in the visual alignment of data. The grid can be enhanced by visually emphasizing the lines at regular or significant graduations. The emphasized lines are then called major grid lines and the remainder are minor grid lines.

The data of a chart can appear in all manner of formats, and may include individual textual labels describing the datum [data的单数] associated with the indicated position in the chart. The data may appear as dots or shapes, connected or unconnected, and in any combination of colors and patterns. Inferences or points of interest can be overlaid directly on the graph to further aid information extraction.

When the data appearing in a chart contains multiple variables, the chart may include a legend [图例] (also known as a key). A legend contains a list of the variables appearing in the chart and an example of their appearance. This information allows the data from each variable to be identified in the chart.

A histogram [直方图] consists of tabular frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval. 比如身高每10cm一组，160~169, 170~179cm的各有多少人。

A bar chart is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. 比如苹果、桔子和香蕉的产量。

Types

• Histogram; Bar chart; Pie chart; Line chart
• Timeline chart; Organizational chart; Tree chart; Flow chart; Area chart; Cartogram; Pedigree chart; Sunburst Chart
• Bubble chart; Polar area diagram; Waterfall chart; Radar chart; Tree map; Streamgraph; GapChart
• Open-high-low-close chart; Candlestick chart; Kagi chart; Sparkline
• Gantt chart; Nolan chart; PERT chart; Smith chart
• Control chart; Greninger chart; Heatmap; Natal chart; Nomogram; Pareto chart; Run chart; Strip chart; Structure chart; Vowel chart
• Box plot; Dot plot (statistics); Probability plot; Scatterplot; Biplot

六级/考研单词: graph, diagram, data, slice, multiple, numerical, seldom, domain, construct, chord, ease, compute, horizon, infer, dimension, axis, vertical, respective, denote, meter, grid, align, regulate, farther, extract, invariable, legend, adjacent, erect, interval, plot, bubble, radar