cal·en·dar

calender: 1. 压光布或纸等; 2. 该机器。cylinder: 圆柱; 柱面; 汽缸。

A calendar is a system of organizing days. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months and years. A date is the designation of a single, specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a physical record (often paper) of such a system. A calendar can also mean a list of planned events, such as a court calendar or a partly or fully chronological list of documents, such as a calendar of wills [意愿; 遗嘱].

The term calendar is taken from calendae, the term for the first day of the month in the Roman calendar, related to the verb calare "to call out", referring to the "calling" of the new moon when it was first seen. Latin calendarium meant "account book, register" (as accounts were settled and debts were collected on the calends of each month). The Latin term was adopted in Old French as calendier and from there in Middle English as calender by the 13th century (the spelling calendar is early modern).

Periods in a calendar (such as years and months) are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the moon. The most common type of pre-modern calendar was the lunisolar calendar, a lunar calendar that occasionally adds one intercalary month to remain synchronized with the solar year over the long term. A lunisolar calendar is a lunar calendar that compensates by adding an extra month as needed to realign the months with the seasons. Prominent examples of lunisolar calendar are Hindu calendar and Buddhist calendar that are popular in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Another example is the Hebrew calendar which uses a 19-year cycle.

Lunar calendars are synchronized to the motion of the Moon (lunar phases); an example is the Islamic calendar. The Islamic calendar is based on the prohibition of intercalation (nasi') by Muhammad, in Islamic tradition dated to a sermon held on 9 Dhu al-Hijjah AH 10 (Julian date: 6 March 632). This resulted in an observation-based lunar calendar that shifts relative to the seasons of the solar year. The Jewish, Chinese, or Hindu calendars add a thirteenth month periodically, to bring the lunar calendar in line with the solar calendar. This is called "intercalation" or "Nasi" (in Arabic). [link]

The traditional Chinese calendar (officially known as the Agricultural Calendar [農曆; 农历; Nónglì; 'farming calendar'], Former Calendar [舊曆; 旧历; Jiùlì], Traditional Calendar [老曆; 老历; Lǎolì] or Yin Calendar [陰曆; 阴历; Yīnlì; 'yin calendar']), is a lunisolar calendar which reckons years, months and days according to astronomical phenomena. In China it is defined by the Chinese national standard GB/T 33661–2017, "Calculation and promulgation of the Chinese calendar [农历的编算和颁行]", issued by the Standardisation Administration of China on May 12, 2017.

现行农历的原理以及算法实现 有用C写的标准参考实现就更好了。

Although modern-day China uses the Gregorian calendar, the traditional Chinese calendar governs holidays—such as the Chinese New Year and Lantern Festival—in both China and in overseas Chinese communities. It also gives the traditional Chinese nomenclature [命名法] of dates within a year, which people use for selecting auspicious days for weddings, funerals, moving, or starting a business. The evening state-run news program Xinwen Lianbo in the P.R.C. continues to announce the month and date in both the Gregorian and the traditional lunisolar calendar. Like Chinese characters, variants of this calendar are used in different parts of the East Asian cultural sphere. Korea, Vietnam, and the Ryukyu Islands [琉球群岛] adopted the calendar. The traditional Japanese calendar also derived from the Chinese calendar (based on a Japanese meridian), but its official use in Japan was abolished in 1873 as part of reforms after the Meiji Restoration [明治维新].

Days begin and end at midnight, and months begin on the day of the new moon. Years begin on the second (or third) new moon after the winter solstice. Solar terms govern the beginning and end of each month. A sexagenary cycle, consisting of stems (干) and branches (支), is used as identification alongside each year, month, including intercalary months or leap months as needed. The length of a month is also annotated as either long (大, literally "big" for months with 30 days) or short (小, literally "small" for months with 29 days).

The Big Dipper [北斗七星] is the celestial compass, and its handle's direction determines the season and month. The stars are divided into Three Enclosures and 28 Mansions [三垣yuán二十八宿xiù] according to their location in the sky relative to Ursa Minor, at the centre. Each mansion is named with a character describing the shape of its principal asterism. The Three Enclosures are Purple Forbidden, (紫微), Supreme Palace (太微), and Heavenly Market. (天市) The eastern mansions are 角, 亢, 氐, 房, 心, 尾, 箕. Southern mansions are 井, 鬼, 柳, 星, 张, 翼, 轸. Western mansions are 奎, 娄, 胃, 昴, 毕, 参, 觜. Northern mansions are 斗, 牛, 女, 虚, 危, 室, 壁. The moon moves through about one lunar mansion per day, so the 28 mansions were also used to count days. In the Tang dynasty, Yuan Tiangang (袁天罡) matched the 28 mansions, seven luminaries [曜] and yearly animal signs to yield combinations such as "horn-wood-flood dragon" (角木蛟). “天市垣包括蛇夫、武仙、巨蛇、天鹰等星座的一部分，中国古代多以市井商贾命名，如：斗、斛、肆、楼等。” 有意思，我记得古代(起码汉代)是重农轻商吧？是不是唐代产生了资本主义萌萌的芽芽？:-)

六级/考研单词: cylinder, calendar, designate, physics, seldom, chronicle, verb, lunar, solar, compensate, prominent, prohibit, march, reckon, accord, astronomy, nationwide, issue, administer, funeral, sphere, derive, abolish, reform, midnight, tertiary, stem, leap, literal, compass, enclose, mansion, headmaster, purple, supreme, dynasty, yield

posted on 2022-03-08 09:25  华容道专家  阅读(95)  评论(0)    收藏  举报