bulk

Bulk can refer to many things. Bulk purchasing is the purchase of much larger quantities than the usual, for a unit price that is lower than the usual. The factory owners can use economy of scale to increase profit as the quantity sold increases.

Retailing is buying goods in a wholesale market to sell them in small quantities at higher prices to consumers. Part of this profit is justified by logistics, the useful distribution function of the retailer, who delivers the goods to consumers and divides those large quantities of goods into many smaller units suitable for many transactions with many small parties of consumers. Retailers can also benefit from economy of scale to increase profit, just like a wholesaler does.

Bulk purchasing is when a consumer captures part of the benefits of economy of scale by doing with the retailer what the retailer does with the wholesaler: paying a lower price per unit in exchange for purchasing much larger quantities. This allows the consumer to satisfy more of his or her demands at a lower total cost by acquiring more use value per dollar spent.

Consumer demand for savings by bulk purchase has led to the success of big-box stores. Although effected by marginal cost, the total cost does not increase.

Bulk mail broadly refers to mail that is mailed and processed in bulk at reduced rates. The term is sometimes used as a synonym for advertising mail. Although bulk mail, junk mail, and admail are, strictly speaking, not synonymous, the terms are used in common parlance to refer to unsolicited invitations delivered by mail (typically, but not invariably, at bulk rates) to homes and businesses.

Bulk material handling is an engineering field that is centered on the design of equipment used for the handling of dry materials. Bulk materials are those dry materials which are powdery, granular or lumpy in nature, and are stored in heaps.

Major characteristics of bulk materials, so far as their handling is concerned, are: lump size, bulk weight (density), moisture content, flowability (particle mobility), angle of repose, abrasiveness and corrosivity, among others.

Bulk material handling systems are typically composed of stationary machinery such as conveyor belts, screw conveyors, tubular drag conveyors, moving floors, toploaders, stackers, reclaimers, bucket elevators, truck dumpers, railcar dumpers or wagon tipplers, shiploaders, hoppers and diverters and various mobile equipment such as loaders, mobile hopper loaders / unloaders, various shuttles, combined with storage facilities such as stockyards, storage silos or stockpiles. Advanced bulk material handling systems feature integrated bulk storage (silos), conveying (mechanical or pneumatic), and discharge. 散装物料搬运系统通常由固定机械组成，如传送带、螺旋输送机、管状拖曳输送机、移动地板、装载机、堆料机、取料机、斗式提升机、自卸车、有轨翻车机或翻车机、装船机、料斗和分流器，以及各种移动设备，如装载机，移动式料斗装载机/卸料机、各种穿梭机，以及储料场、储料仓或料堆等储存设施。先进的散装物料处理系统具有集成的散装存储（筒仓）、输送（机械或气动）和卸料功能。打游戏都会时不时"silos needed"。“人一生能吃九吨食物，谁先吃完谁先走”的说法是不对的，准确数字是17986斤。

A bulk carrier, bulker is a merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal, ore, steel coils and cement, in its cargo holds. Since the first specialized bulk carrier was built in 1852, economic forces have led to continued development of these ships, resulting in increased size and sophistication. Today's bulk carriers are specially designed to maximize capacity, safety, efficiency, and durability.

Today, bulk carriers make up 21% of the world's merchant fleets and range in size from single-hold mini-bulk carriers to mammoth ore ships able to carry 400,000 metric tons of deadweight (DWT).

Bulk density, also called apparent density or volumetric density, is a property of powders, granules, and other "divided" solids, especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel), chemical substances, (pharmaceutical) ingredients, foodstuff, or any other masses of corpuscular or particulate matter. It is defined as the mass of the many particles of the soil material divided by the total volume they occupy.

The bulk modulus (K or B) of a substance is a measure of how resistant to compression that substance is. It is defined as the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume. 一种物质的体积模量(K或B)是衡量该物质抗压缩能力的指标。它被定义为无限小的压力增加与由此产生的体积相对减少之比。

六级/考研单词: bulk, wholesale, consume, logistics, synonym, advertise, junk, strict, invariable, equip, powder, lump, heap, particle, mobile, compose, convey, screw, elevate, lorry, wagon, shuttle, integrate, discharge, carrier, merchant, cargo, grain, ore, coil, cement, durable, fleet, component, ingredient, decrease