F-22

The Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor is an American single-seat, twin-engine, all-weather stealth tactical fighter aircraft developed exclusively for the United States Air Force (USAF). The result of the USAF's Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) program, the aircraft was designed primarily as an air superiority fighter, but also has ground attack, electronic warfare, and signal intelligence capabilities. The prime contractor, Lockheed Martin, built most of the F-22's airframe and weapons systems and conducted final assembly, while Boeing provided the wings, aft fuselage, avionics integration, and training systems.

In 1981, the U.S. Air Force identified a requirement for an Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) to replace the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon.

The USAF originally envisioned ordering 750 ATFs at a total program cost of $44.3 billion and procurement cost of $26.2 billion in fiscal year (FY) 1985 dollars, with production beginning in 1994. The 1990 Major Aircraft Review led by Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney reduced this to 648 aircraft beginning in 1996. By 1997, funding instability had further cut the total to 339, which was again reduced to 277 by 2003. In 2004, the Department of Defense (DoD) further reduced this to 183 operational aircraft, despite the USAF's preference for 381. A multi-year procurement plan was implemented in 2006 to save $15 billion, with total program cost projected to be $62 billion for 183 F-22s distributed to seven combat squadrons. In 2008, Congress passed a defense spending bill that raised the total orders for production aircraft to 187.

The numerous new technologies in the F-22 resulted in substantial cost overruns and delays. Many capabilities were deferred to post-service upgrades, reducing the initial cost but increasing total program cost. As production wound down in 2011, the total program cost is estimated to be about $67.3 billion, with $32.4 billion spent on Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) and $34.9 billion on procurement and military construction (MILCON) in then year dollars. The incremental cost for an additional F-22 was estimated at about $138 million in 2009.

In November 2008, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated that the F-22 was not relevant in post-Cold War conflicts such as irregular warfare operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and in April 2009, under the new Obama Administration, he called for ending production in FY2011, leaving the USAF with 187 production aircraft.

The F-22 Raptor is a fifth-generation fighter that is considered fourth generation in stealth aircraft technology by the USAF.

The first F-22 crash occurred during takeoff at Nellis AFB on 20 December 2004. On 25 March 2009, an EMD F-22 crashed 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Edwards AFB during a test flight. On 16 November 2010, an F-22 from Elmendorf AFB crashed. During a training mission, an F-22 crashed to the east of Tyndall AFB, on 15 November 2012. A student F-22A pilot rotated too early and retracted the gear too soon at NAS Fallon on the 13 April 2018. On 15 May 2020, an F-22 from Eglin Air Force Base crashed during a routine training mission.

Performance

• Maximum speed: Mach 2.25 (1,500 mph, 2,414 km/h) at altitude
• Mach 1.21, 800 knots (921 mph; 1,482 km/h) at sea level
• Mach 1.82 (1,220 mph, 1,963 km/h) supercruise at altitude
• Range: 1,600 nmi (1,800 mi, 3,000 km) or more with 2 external fuel tanks
• Combat range: 460 nmi (530 mi, 850 km) clean with 100 nmi (115 mi, 185 km) in supercruise
• 590 nmi (679 mi, 1,093 km) clean subsonic
• Ferry range: 1,740 nmi (2,000 mi, 3,220 km)
• Service ceiling: 65,000 ft (20,000 m)
• g limits: +9.0/-3.0
• Wing loading: 77.2 lb/sq ft (377 kg/m2)
• Thrust/weight: 1.08 (1.25 with loaded weight and 50% internal fuel)

Armament

• Guns: 1× 20 mm (0.787 in) M61A2 Vulcan rotary cannon, 480 rounds
• Air-to-air mission loadout:
  • 6× AIM-120 AMRAAM
  • 2× AIM-9 Sidewinder
• Air-to-ground mission loadout:
  • 2× 1,000 lb (450 kg) JDAM or 8× 250 lb (110 kg) GBU-39 Small Diameter Bombs
  • 2× AIM-120 AMRAAM
  • 2× AIM-9 Sidewinder
• Hardpoints: 4× under-wing pylon stations can be fitted to carry 600 U.S. gallon (2,270 L) drop tanks or weapons, each with a capacity of 5,000 lb (2,270 kg).

A hardpoint (more formally known as a station or weapon station) is a location on an airframe designed to carry an external or internal load. 

Avionics [航空电子学]

• AN/APG-77 or AN/APG-77(V)1 radar: 125–150 miles (201–241 km) against 1 m2 (11 sq ft) targets (estimated range), 250 miles (400 km) in narrow beams
• AN/AAR-56 Missile Launch Detector (MLD)
• AN/ALR-94 radar warning receiver (RWR): 250 nautical miles (460 km) or more detection range
• Integrated CNI Avionics
• MJU-39/40 flares for protection against IR missiles

六级/考研单词: tactic, unite, superior, electron, warfare, intellect, prime, conduct, assemble, integrate, billion, fiscal, farther, despite, implement, combat, congress, defer, upgrade, wound, evaluate, militant, construct, million, irregular, administer, crash, takeoff, march, mission, rotate, gear, altitude, knot, ferry, thrust, cannon, diameter, quart, radar, beam, missile, detect, flare

似乎：F-22作为战斗机比较厉害，但隐身能力一般。奥巴马等觉得没对手又太贵，不造了。然后造了F-35，F-35隐身能力是五代的，但飞机的基础属性比较垃圾。中国的J-20，美国承认低估了，把美国搞得比较难受：F-22和J-20的基础属性差不多，但隐身能力不如J-20；F-35的隐身能力和J-20差不多，但基础属性不如J-20。中国是冷眼旁观，后发制人，等美国造完了再造。中国还有枭龙，美国的F-22还舍不得卖给“盟友”, America First. 中国给英国点颜色瞧瞧！12架枭龙Block3阿根廷报价仅6亿美元 163.com

也许中国的创新能力并不比美国差，某个主意都想到了，中国“挺费钱的，再想想”，美国财大气粗就去做了。