bias

Bias is a disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair. Biases can be innate or learned. People may develop biases for or against an individual, a group, or a belief. In science and engineering, a bias is a systematic error. Statistical bias results from an unfair sampling of a population, or from an estimation process that does not give accurate results on average. 偏见是对一个想法或事物的支持或反对的不成比例的权重，通常以一种封闭、偏见或不公平的方式。偏见可以是先天的，也可以是后天习得的。人们可能会对个人、群体或信仰产生偏见。在科学和工程领域，偏见是一种系统性错误。统计偏差源于对总体的不公平抽样，或源于平均结果不准确的估计过程。Weight is the degree of importance, seriousness or influence. 比如记者在火车车厢里采访了3个人，得出了“今年春运大家都买到票了”的结论。

Observational error (or measurement error) is the difference between a measured value of a quantity and its true value. 比如学霸偶尔一次和100分之间的误差是10. Systematic error is predictable and typically constant or proportional to the true value. 比如学渣的误差几乎都在50和30之间。

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses while giving disproportionately less attention to information that contradicts it. 确认偏差是一种倾向，即搜索、解释、偏爱和回忆信息，以确认自己的信念或假设，同时对与之相矛盾的信息给予不相称的关注。比如我(不知咋滴)看X不顺眼，三省xǐng吾身时觉得自己不够客观(谁还没点上进心了:-))，就上网搜，看到正面消息心想"这是水军发的吧？" 看到负面消息点进去看半天，心想"不是我一个人有这个想法啊。" Well，现在水军确实很多。:-) 高吗？富吗？帅吗？那还不赶紧背单词和查词典。六级/考研单词: bias, prejudice, inborn, differentiate, interpret, hypothesis, contradict

The halo effect and the horn effect are when an observer's overall impression of a person, organization, brand, or product influences their feelings about specifics of that entity's character or properties. The name halo effect is based on the concept of the saint's halo, and is a specific type of confirmation bias, wherein positive sentiments in one area cause questionable or unknown characteristics to be seen positively.

The opposite of the halo is the horn effect, when "individuals believe (that negative) traits are inter-connected." The term horn effect refers to Devil's horns. It works in a negative direction: if the observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition towards other aspects.

Statistical bias is a systematic tendency in the process of data collection, which results in lopsided, misleading results. This can occur in any of a number of ways, in the way the sample is selected, or in the way data are collected. It is a property of a statistical technique or of its results whereby the expected value of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative parameter being estimated.

Selection bias is the conscious or unconscious bias introduced into a study by the way individuals, groups or data are selected for analysis, if such a way means that true randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be analyzed.

Survivorship bias or survival bias is the logical error of concentrating on the people or things that made it past some selection process and overlooking those that did not, typically because of their lack of visibility. This can lead to some false conclusions in several different ways. It is a form of selection bias.

Bias and prejudice are usually considered to be closely related. Prejudice is prejudgment, or forming an opinion before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case. The word is often used to refer to preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward people or a person because of gender, political opinion, social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality, race/ethnicity, language, nationality, or other personal characteristics. Prejudice can also refer to unfounded beliefs and may include "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence".

Ageism is the stereotyping and/or discrimination against individuals or groups on the basis of their age. It can be used in reference to prejudicial attitudes towards older people, or towards younger people. Classism is discrimination on the basis of social class. It includes attitudes that benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class, or vice versa. Lookism is stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination on the basis of physical attractiveness, or more generally to people whose appearance matches cultural preferences.

高富帅吗？六级/考研单词: bias, prejudice, inborn, differentiate, interpret, hypothesis, contradict, horn, brand, entity, saint, sentiment, trait, devil, dislike, data, mislead, whereby, differ, underlie, parameter, thereby, logic, overlook, invisible, seldom, gender, rational, stereotype, discriminate, expense, vice, physics